Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻomaopopo i ka ʻelepani i mua ou, ʻInia a ʻApelika paha, e kona mau pepeiao. I ka lua, nui lākou, e like me nā ʻeke, a kūlike ko lākou kiko kiʻekiʻe me ka lei aliʻi, ʻoiai ʻaʻole e piʻi aʻe nā pepeiao maʻemaʻe o ka ʻelepani India ma luna o ka ʻāʻī.
Elepani ʻĀkia
ʻO ia nō kekahi ka mea haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka ʻApelika i ka nui a me ke kaumaha, e loaʻa ana i ka hopena o kona ola ma lalo iki o 5 a me ka hapalua tone, ʻoiai ka savannah (ʻApelika) hiki ke hoʻolei i nā unahi a 7 mau tona.
ʻO ka ʻāpana nāwaliwali loa ka ʻili, ʻaʻohe o ke kino o ka hou... ʻO ia ka mea nāna e hoʻonohonoho mau i ka holoholona i ka papa lepo a me nā kaʻina wai, e pale ana iā ia mai ka nalo ʻana o ka wai, puhi nā nahu a nā ʻelala.
Uhi ʻia, ʻili manoanoa (a hiki i ka 2.5 cm manoanoa) uhi ʻia me ka lauoho i luhi ʻia e ka ʻili pinepine ʻana i nā kumu lāʻau: ʻo kēia ke kumu e nānā pinepine ai nā ʻelepani.
Pono nā wrinkle ma ka ʻili e mālama i ka wai - pale lākou iā ia mai ka ʻolokaʻa ʻana, ka pale ʻana i ka ʻelepani mai ka wela ʻana.
ʻIke ʻia ka epidermis lahilahi kokoke i ka anus, waha a ma loko o nā auricle.
ʻO ke kala maʻamau o ka ʻelepani India ʻokoʻa mai ka hina hina a i ka brown, akā ʻike ʻia nā albinos (ʻaʻole keʻokeʻo, akā ʻoi aku ka māmā o ko lākou mau hoahānau.
Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Elephas maximus (ʻelepani ʻĀkia), nona ka lōʻihi o ke kino mai 5.5 a 6.4 m, ʻoi aku ka nani ma mua o ʻApelika a ʻoi aku ka mānoanoa, a me nā wāwae pōkole.
ʻO kahi ʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe mai ka elephant savannah ke kihi kiʻekiʻe o ke kino: i ka ʻelepani Asia, ʻo ia ka lae, i ka mua, nā poʻohiwi.
Tusks a me nā niho
Hoʻohālike nā tusks me nā kiwi nunui e hoʻomaka ana i ka waha. I ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo kēia nā incisors lōʻihi o luna o nā kāne, e ulu nei a 20 kenimika i hoʻokahi makahiki.
ʻOi aku ka nui o ka tusk o ka ʻelepani India (2-3 manawa) ma mua o ka tusk o kona ʻohana ʻApelika, a he 25 kg kona kaumaha a 160 cm ka lōʻihi.
ʻAʻole ʻokoʻa nā Tusks i ka nui wale, akā i ke ʻano a me ke kuhikuhi o ka ulu ʻana (ʻaʻole i mua, akā ma ka ʻaoʻao).
He inoa kūikawā ʻo Mahna no nā ʻelepani ʻĀsia me ka ʻole o nā ʻuo, i loaʻa i ka nui ma Sri Lanka.
Ma waho aʻe o nā incisors elongated, lako ka ʻelepani me 4 mau molar, e ulu ana kēlā me kēia a i ka hapahā o ka mika. Hoʻololi lākou i ka wā o ka wili ʻana, a ʻoki ʻia nā mea hou ma hope, ʻaʻole ma lalo o nā niho kahiko, e hoʻokuke nei iā lākou i mua.
I ka elepani Asia, loli nā niho i 6 mau manawa i ke ola holoʻokoʻa, a ʻike ʻia ka hope e ke kanahā mau makahiki.
Hoihoi ia! ʻO nā niho i ko lākou wahi maoli i hana i kahi hana make i ka hopena o ka ʻelepani: ke pau nā molars hope loa, ʻaʻole hiki i ka holoholona ke nau i nā mea kanu paʻakikī a make i ka luhi. I ke kūlohelohe, hiki kēia i nā makahiki 70 o nā ʻelepani.
Nā lālā ʻē aʻe a me nā ʻāpana o ke kino
ʻO ka puʻuwai nui (pinepine me ka pāpālua luna) kaupaona ma kahi o 30 kg, e kuʻi ana i ke alapine o 30 mau manawa i kēlā me kēia minuke. 10% o ke kaumaha o ke kino he koko.
ʻO ka lolo o kekahi o nā māmela nui loa ma ka honua i manaʻo ʻia (ma ke ʻano kūlohelohe) ʻo ke kaumaha loa, e hoʻonui ana i 5 kg.
ʻO nā wahine, ʻokoʻa i nā kāne, ʻelua mau momona mammary.
Makemake ka ʻelepani i nā pepeiao ʻaʻole wale no ka ʻike ʻana i nā kani, akā i mea e hoʻohana ai iā lākou ma ke ʻano he peahi, e hoʻomālamalama ana iā ia iho i ka wela o ke awakea.
ʻO ka hapa nui ʻōhua elepani āpau - kumu, me ke kōkua o ka holoholona e ʻike i ka pilau, hanu, douche iā lākou iho me ka wai, pā a hopu i nā mea like ʻole, e like me ka meaʻai.
ʻO ke kumu, me ka ʻole o nā iwi a me ka cartilage, hana ʻia e ka lehelehe luna a me ka ihu. ʻO ka neʻe kūikawā o ke kumu ma muli o ke kū ʻana o nā mākala 40,000 (tendons a me nā mākala). ʻO ka cartilage wale nō (ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā puka ihu) hiki ke loaʻa ma ka piko o ke kumu.
Ma ke ala, hoʻopau ke kumu i kahi lālā makaʻala loa i hiki ke ʻike i kahi nila i loko o kahi mauʻu.
A paʻa ka pahu o kahi ʻelepani India i 6 liters o ka wai. I ka loaʻa ʻana o ka wai, hoʻopili ka holoholona i kahi kumu i ʻōwili ʻia i loko o kona waha a pā aku a komo ka wai i ka puʻu.
Hoihoi ia! Inā lākou e hoʻāʻo nei e hōʻoiaʻiʻo iā ʻoe he 4 mau kuli o ka elepani, mai manaʻoʻiʻo ʻoe: aia ʻelua wale nō o lākou. ʻO nā hui ʻē aʻe ʻaʻole ka kuli, akā ʻo ka kuʻe lima.
Hoʻolahalaha a me nā mea kōkua
Noho ʻo Elephas maximus ma ka Hikina Hema ʻo Asia mai Mesopotamia a i ka Peninsula Malay, e noho ana (ma ke kūkulu ʻākau) nā kapuaʻi o nā Himalayas, nā mokupuni pākahi ma Indonesia a me ke awāwa ʻo Yangtze ma Kina.
I ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, ua hoʻololi ʻia kēia wahi i nā hoʻololi weliweli, e loaʻa ana i kahi helehelena i māhele ʻia. I kēia manawa noho nā ʻelepani ʻĀkia ma India (Hema a me North-East), Nepal, Bangladesh, Thailand, Kambodea, Malaysia, Indonesia, Southwest China, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam a me Brunei.
Hoʻomaopopo nā meaolaola i ʻelima mau ʻāpana o Elephas maximus:
- kuhikuhi (ʻelepani India) - ua mālama nā kāne o kēia mau mea i kā lākou mau kua. Loaʻa nā holoholona i nā wahi kūloko o Hema a me North-East India, ka Himalayas, Kina, Thailand, Myanmar, Kambodia a me ka Peninsula Malay;
- maximus (Sri Lankan elephant) - ʻaʻohe o nā tusks o nā kāne. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona kahi nui loa (kūʻē i ke kua o ke kino) poʻo me nā kiko discolored ma ke kumu o ka pahu a ma ka lae. Loaʻa ma Sri Lanka;
- kahi ʻāpana kūikawā o Elephas maximus, i loaʻa pū ʻia ma Sri Lanka... ʻO ka heluna kanaka ma lalo o 100 mau ʻelepani nui loa. ʻO kēia mau pilikua, e noho ana i nā ululāʻau o Northern Nepal, 30 cm ke kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā elepani India maʻamau;
- ʻO bearensis (Bornean elephant) kahi mea liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi me nā auricle nui loa, nā ʻūlū i hoʻoponopono ʻia a me kahi huelo lōʻihi. Hiki ke loaʻa kēia mau elepani ma ka ʻākau hikina o ka mokupuni ʻo Borneo;
- sumatrensis (Sumatran elephant) - ma muli o ka nui o ka nui, ua kapa ʻia ʻo "elephant pocket". ʻAʻole haʻalele iā Sumatra.
Hoʻokaʻawale ka Matriarchy a me ka wahine
Wahi a kēia kumumanaʻo, kūkulu ʻia nā pilina i loko o ka ʻāpani elepani: aia hoʻokahi, ʻo ka wahine makua loa, nāna e alakaʻi i kona mau kaikuahine liʻiliʻi, nā ipo wahine, nā keiki, a me nā kāne oʻo ʻole.
Mālama nā ʻelepani e mālama ʻia hoʻokahi, a ʻae ʻia nā ʻelemākule e hele pū me ka hui i noho aliʻi ʻia e ka makua kāne.
Ma kahi o 150 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, he 30, 50 a ʻoi paha nā holoholona o ia ʻano holoholona, i ko mākou manawa pū nā holoholona mai 2 a 10 mau makuahine, kaumaha me kā lākou mau keiki ponoʻī.
Ma o 10-12 mau makahiki, hiki i nā ʻelepani wahine i ka wā ʻōpio, akā i ka makahiki 16 wale nō hiki iā lākou ke hānau keiki, a ma hope o 4 mau makahiki ua manaʻo ʻia he poʻe mākua lākou. Loaʻa ka momona nui ma waena o 25 a me 45 mau makahiki: i kēia manawa, hāʻawi ka ʻelepani i nā litters 4, a hāpai i ka awelika i kēlā me kēia 4 makahiki.
Ua ulu nā kāne, loaʻa ka hiki ke momona, haʻalele i kā lākou pua hānau ʻōiwi i ka makahiki 10-17 a hele wale a hiki i ke kuapo ʻana o kā lākou mau pono male.
ʻO ke kumu o ke kahua moena ma waena o nā kāne nui ka hoa i estrus (2-4 lā). I ke kaua, kūpilikiʻi ka poʻe kūʻē ʻaʻole ko lākou olakino wale nō, akā ʻo ko lākou ola pū kekahi, no ka mea aia lākou i kahi kūlana kiʻekiʻe kūikawā i kapa ʻia he pono (unuhi ʻia mai Urdu - "ʻona").
Kipaku ka mea lanakila i nā mea nāwaliwali a haʻalele ʻole i ka mea i koho ʻia no 3 mau pule.
ʻO ka pono, kahi e hele ai ka testosterone i ka pālākiō, mau aku i 2 mau mahina: poina ka ʻelepani i ka meaʻai a ke hana nui nei i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā wahine i ka estrus. Pono e loaʻa ʻelua ʻano o nā huna: ka nui o ka mimi a me ka wai me nā pheromones ʻona i hana ʻia e ka gland ma waena o ka maka a me ka pepeiao.
Weliweli nā ʻelepani ʻona ʻaʻole wale no ko lākou ʻohana... Ke "ʻona" hōʻeha lākou i nā kānaka.
Kahuaʻi
ʻAʻole pili ka hānau ʻana o nā ʻelepa ʻĀnia i ka manawa o ka makahiki, ʻoiai ka maloʻo a i ʻole ka lehulehu o nā holoholona i hiki ke hoʻolohi i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka estrus a i ka wā ʻōpio.
Aia ka ʻōpū i ka ʻōpū a hiki i 22 mau mahina, hana paʻa ʻia e 19 mau mahina: i ke koena o ka manawa, loaʻa ke kaumaha wale ia.
I ka wā hānau hānau, uhi nā wahine i ka wahine i ka hana, kū i loko o kahi pōʻai. Hānau ka ʻelepani i hoʻokahi (kākaʻikahi ʻelua) mau pahu i hoʻokahi mika ke kiʻekiʻe a kaupaona a 100 kg. Ua hala ʻē aʻe ia i nā incisors elongated e hāʻule i ka wā e pani ʻia nā niho mua me nā mea mau.
I kekahi mau hola ma hope o ka hānau ʻana, aia nō ka elepani pēpē ma kona mau wāwae a omo i ka waiū o kona makuahine, a hoʻowali ka makuahine i ka pēpē me ka lepo a me ka honua i ʻole e ʻālunu nā ʻaʻala lahilahi i nā mea hoʻomake.
E hala ana kekahi mau lā, a e holoholo pū ke keiki hānau me nā mea āpau, e pili ana i ka hiʻu o ka makuahine me kāna proboscis.
ʻAe ʻia ka elepani pēpē e omo i ka waiū mai nā ʻelepani lactating āpau... Haehae ʻia ka pēpē mai ka umauma ma 1.5-2 mau makahiki, hoʻololi loa i kahi papaʻai mea kanu. I kēia manawa, hoʻomaka ka elepani pēpē e hoʻonā i ka waiū e hānai ana i ka mauʻu a me nā lau i ka makahiki ʻeono mau makahiki.
Ma hope o ka hānau ʻana, hoʻohaunaele ka ʻelepani i mea e hoʻomanaʻo ai ke keiki hānau hou i ke ʻala o kāna feces. I ka wā e hiki mai ana, e ʻai ka ʻelepani elepani iā lākou i mea e loaʻa ai nā meaʻai a me nā koʻohune simbiotic ʻelua i kōkua ʻole i ke komo ʻana o cellulose i ke kino.
Auila
ʻOiai ʻo ka manaʻo o ka ʻelepani India he mea noho i ka nahele, piʻi maʻalahi ia i ka mauna a lanakila i nā wahi wai (ma muli o ke ʻano kūikawā o ka wāwae).
Ua ʻoi aku kona aloha i ke anuanu ma mua o ka wela, i ka manawa makemake ʻo ia ʻaʻole e haʻalele i nā kihi malumalu, e hoʻokipa iā ia iho me nā pepeiao nui. ʻO lākou ka mea, ma muli o kā lākou nui, lawelawe ma ke ʻano he amplifiers o nā kani: ʻo ia ke kumu i ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka hoʻolohe ʻana o ka elepani ma mua o ke kanaka.
Hoihoi ia! Ma ke ala, a me nā pepeiao, ka mea o ka hoʻolohe ʻana i kēia mau holoholona he ... wāwae. Ua hoʻouna ʻia nā ʻelepani a lawe i nā nalu seismic ma kahi mamao o 2 mau mika.
Kākoʻo ʻia ka hoʻolohe maikaʻi e ke ʻano ʻala a me ka hoʻopā. Hoʻokuʻu wale ʻia ka ʻelepani e nā maka wale nō, me ka maikaʻi ʻole e hoʻokaʻawale i nā mea mamao. ʻIke ʻoi aku ʻo ia i nā wahi malu.
ʻO kahi ʻano kaulike maikaʻi loa e ʻae i ka holoholona e hiamoe ʻoiai ke kū ʻana ma ke kau ʻana i nā tusks koʻikoʻi ma nā lālā lāʻau a i ʻole ma luna o kahi puʻu kau. I ke pio ʻana, kipaku ʻo ia iā lākou i loko o ka lattice a hoʻomaha iā lākou i ka paia.
He 4 mau hola i ka lā e hiamoe ai... Hiki i nā lāʻau a me nā mea maʻi ke moe i lalo i ka honua. Hele ka ʻelepani ʻĀkia i ka wikiwiki o 2-6 km / h, e wikiwiki nei i 45 km / h inā loaʻa ka weliweli, kahi mea e hoʻomaopopo ai me kahi huelo i hāpai ʻia.
ʻAʻole makemake wale ka ʻelepani i nā kaʻina wai - ʻauʻau maikaʻi ia a hiki ke moe kolohe i ka muliwai, e hoʻomomona ana i nā hoa.
Lawe nā ʻelepa ʻĀkia i ka ʻike ma o ka uwo wale ʻana, ka uē ʻana o ka pū, ka namunamu ʻana, a me ke kani ʻana o nā leo ʻē aʻe: i kā lākou mea kaua - nā neʻe o ke kino a me ka pahu. No laila, nā hahau ikaika o ka hope i ka honua e hoʻomaopopo i ka ʻohana i ka huhū o kā lākou hoa.
He aha hou aʻe ʻoe e ʻike ai e pili ana i ka ʻelepani Asia
He mea ulu lāʻau ia e ʻai i ka 150 i ka 300 kg o ka mauʻu, ka ʻili, nā lau, nā pua, nā hua a me nā wana i kēlā me kēia lā.
Ua manaʻo ʻia ka ʻelepani kekahi o nā mea nui o nā mahiʻai mahiʻai (ʻo ka nui o ka nui), no ka mea, hōʻino nui nā holoholona i nā kō, nā maiʻa a me nā laiki.
Lawe ʻia kahi elepani i 24 mau hola e ʻeli i kahi pōʻaiapuni piha, a emi iho ma mua o ka hapalua o nā meaʻai i lawe ʻia. Inu ka pilikua mai 70 a 200 liters o ka wai i kēlā me kēia lā, ʻo ia ke kumu i hiki ʻole ai iā ia ke hele mamao loa mai ke kumu.
Hiki i nā Elepani ke hōʻike i ka naʻau maoli. Kaumaha maoli lākou inā make nā ʻelepa hou a i ʻole nā lālā ʻē aʻe o ke kaiāulu. Hāʻawi nā hanana hauʻoli i nā ʻelepani i kumu e leʻaleʻa ai a ʻakaʻaka hoʻi. Ke ʻike nei i kahi elepani pēpē i hāʻule i loko o ka lepo, e kīloi kahi makua i kāna kumu e kōkua. Hiki i nā ʻelepani ke ʻapo, a wahī i kā lākou mau pahu a puni.
I ka makahiki 1986, ua loaʻa ka laha (ma kahi kokoke i ka make) ma nā ʻaoʻao o ka International Red Book.
ʻO nā kumu no ka emi nui o ka helu o nā ʻelepani India (a i 2-5% o kēlā me kēia makahiki):
- Pepehi kanaka no ka niho ʻelepani a me ka ʻiʻo;
- hoʻoluhi ma muli o ka hōʻino ʻana i ka ʻāina mahiʻai;
- hoʻoliʻiliʻi kaiapuni e pili ana i nā hana a ke kanaka;
- ka make ma lalo o nā huila o nā kaʻa.
I ke kūlohelohe, ʻaʻohe ʻenemi kūlohelohe nā mākua, koe wale nō nā kānaka: akā make pinepine nā ʻelepani ke hoʻouka ʻia e nā liona India a me nā tigika.
I ka nahelehele, ola nā ʻelepani ʻĀkia i 60-70 mau makahiki, ma nā zoo 10 mau makahiki hou aku.
Hoihoi ia! ʻO ka ʻeleu elepani kaulana loa ʻo Lin Wang mai Taiwan mai, i hele i nā kūpuna i ka makahiki 2003. He ʻelepani kaua kūpono ia i "hakakā" ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka pūʻali koa Kina i ke Kaua Sino-Kepanī ʻElua (1937-1954). He 86 mau makahiki ʻo Lin Wang i kona wā i make ai.
