I nā latitude ʻākau, kahi e kū ai nā kūlana aniau paʻakikī, aia kahi ʻāina tundra kūlohelohe. Aia ia ma waena o ka wao akua ʻo Arctic a me taiga o Eurasia a me ʻAmelika Hema. He lahilahi ka lepo ma aneʻi a hiki ke nalowale koke, a hilinaʻi nui nā pilikia kaiapuni iā ia. Eia kekahi, paʻa mau ka lepo ma aneʻi, no laila ʻaʻole ulu ka nui o nā flora ma luna ona, a ʻo nā laikini wale nō, nā limu, nā laʻalāʻau liʻiliʻi a me nā lāʻau liʻiliʻi e hoʻopili i ke ola. ʻAʻohe nui o ka ua ma aneʻi, ma kahi o 300 millimeter i kēlā me kēia makahiki, akā haʻahaʻa ka helu o ka evaporation, no laila loaʻa pinepine nā kahawai i ka tundra.
Ka hoʻohaumia aila
I nā wahi like ʻole o ka tundra, aia nā wahi aila a me nā kinoea i lawe ʻia ai nā minelala. I ka wā o ka hana ʻana o ka aila, kū nā leak, kahi e hopena maikaʻi ʻole i ke kaiapuni. Eia kekahi, ke kūkulu ʻia nei nā paipu ʻaila a hoʻohana ʻia ma aneʻi, a ke hoʻoweliweli nei kā lākou hana i ka mokuʻāina o ka biosphere. Ma muli o kēia, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka makaʻu o kahi pōʻino kaiaola i ka tundra.
Ka hoʻohaumia kaʻa
E like me nā wahi ʻē aʻe, haumia ka ea i ka tundra e nā kinoea hoʻoluhi. Hana ʻia lākou e nā kaʻaahi alanui, nā kaʻa a me nā kaʻa ʻē aʻe. Ma muli o kēia, hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā mea weliweli i ka lewa:
- hydrocarbons;
- nā oxygen ʻokikene;
- ʻonikona kalepona;
- aldehydes;
- benzpyrene;
- kalapona ʻākena;
- dioxide kalapona.
Ma waho aʻe o ka mea o nā kaʻa e hoʻokuʻu i nā kinoea i ka lewa, hoʻohana ʻia nā kaʻaahi kaʻaahi a me nā kaʻa ukali i ka tundra, kahi e luku ai i ka uhi ʻāina. Ma hope o kēia luku, e ola ka lepo no nā makahiki he haneli.
Nā kumu hoʻohaumia like ʻole
Hoʻohaumia ʻia ka biosfir tundra ʻaʻole wale i ka ʻaila a me nā kinoea hoʻoluhi. Kū ka haumia i ke kaiapuni i ka wā o ka mining ʻana i nā metala hao ʻole, nā hao a me nā apatite. Hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka wai neoneo i loko o nā kino wai i nā wahi wai, kahi e hopena maikaʻi ʻole ai i ka kaolaola o ka ʻāina.
No laila, ʻo ka pilikia kaiaola nui o ka tundra ka haumia, a he helu nui o nā kumuwaiwai e hāʻawi i kēia. Hoʻopau pū ʻia ka lepo, kahi e kāpae ai i ka hiki i ka hana mahiʻai. A ʻo kekahi o nā pilikia ka hōʻemi ʻana o ka mea ola ma muli o nā hana a nā poachers. Inā ʻaʻole e hoʻonā ʻia nā pilikia a pau i luna, a laila e luku ʻia ke ʻano o ka tundra, a ʻaʻole e waiho ʻia ka poʻe me kahi wahi hihiu a pā ʻole o ka honua.
