Tuna - kahi genus o gregarious, carnivorous, mackerel iʻa. Ua pāʻani ʻo ia i ke kūlana o kahi mea pio i makemake ʻia a ʻoiai hoʻi i nā manawa prehistoric: nā kiʻi kahakaha, kahi i kuhi ʻia ai nā kahakaha o ke tuna, i loaʻa i nā ana o Sisilia.
No kekahi manawa lōʻihi, ma ke ʻano he kumuwaiwai, aia ka tuna ma ka ʻaoʻao. Me ka hiki ʻana mai o ke ʻano no nā ipu iʻa Kepani, ua lilo ka tuna i koi ma nā ʻāina āpau. Ua ulu ka hana ʻana o ke kūpuna i mau manawa he nui a ua lilo i ʻoihana ikaika.
Hōʻike a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Hōʻoiaʻiʻo ʻo Tuna i ka ʻohana mackerel. Ua like ko lākou ʻano me ka hiʻohiʻona maʻamau o ka mackerel. ʻO ka outline laulā o ke kino a me nā kūlike e hōʻike i nā kiʻekiʻe wikiwiki o ka iʻa. ʻ saylelo nā biologists hiki i nā tunas ke neʻe i lalo o ka wai me ka wikiwiki o 75 km i kēlā me kēia hola a i ʻole 40.5 knots. Akā ʻaʻole kēia ka palena. I ka alualu ʻana i ka pio, hiki i ka tuna polū ke holomua i kahi 90 km mau loa i kēlā me kēia hola.
ʻO ke ʻano o ke kinona e like me ka ellipated ellipse, kuhikuhi ʻia i nā wēlau ʻelua. ʻO ka māhele keʻa he oval maʻamau. Ma ka ʻaoʻao i luna, ukali nā lua ʻelua i kekahi. ʻOi aku ka lōʻihi o ka mua me nā kukuna e iho ana i ka nui. ʻO ka lua, he pōkole, kiʻekiʻe, ʻōlou e like me ka pahi kākela. He mau kukuna paʻakikī ko nā lua o nā ʻelua.
ʻO ka mea hoʻoneʻe nui o ka tuna ka fin fin. He symmetrical ia, me nā pahi ākea ākea, e hoʻomanaʻo ana i nā ʻeheu o kahi mokulele wikiwiki. Aia nā hoʻokumu haʻahaʻa i ka hope a ma ka ʻaoʻao haʻahaʻa o ke kino. ʻO nā peʻa hou aʻe me ka ʻole o nā kukuna a me nā membrane. Hiki mai 7 a 10 mau ʻāpana.
He pelagic ke kala i ke kala. ʻEʻeleʻele ka luna, ʻoi aku ka māmā o nā ʻaoʻao, ʻaneʻane keʻokeʻo ka ʻaoʻao o ka ʻōpū. ʻO ka laulā kala a me ke kala o nā peʻa e pili ana i ka nohona a me ke ʻano o ka iʻa. ʻO ka inoa maʻamau no ka nui o nā ʻano tuna e pili ana i ke kala o ke kino, ka nui o ka fin a me ke kala.
No ka hanu ʻana, pono e neʻe mau i nā tunas. ʻO ka holoi ʻana o ka caudal fin, ka pelu transverse o ka ʻaoʻao mua caudal, hana mīkini ma nā ʻenekini: wehe lākou. Kahe ka wai ma ka waha hāmama. Holoi ʻo ia i nā kāhili. Lawe nā membrane lālā i ka oxygen mai ka wai a hoʻokuʻu iā ia i nā capillaries. ʻO ka hopena, hanu ka tuna. Kū ka tuna kū ʻole i ka hanu ʻana.
He iʻa koko mehana ke tuna. He ʻano ʻokoʻa ko lākou. ʻAʻole like me nā iʻa ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole lākou i nā mea ola koko anuanu, ʻike lākou i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ko lākou kino wela. Ma kahi hohonu o 1 km, hoʻomehana ke kai a hiki i 5 ° C wale nō. ʻO nā mākala, nā ʻāpana kūloko o ka tuna polū i loko o kahi ʻano e mahana mau - ma luna o 20 ° C.
Hiki i ke kino o nā mehana koko a homeothermal paha ke mālama i ka mahana o nā mākala a me nā mea āpau kokoke i ka paʻa, me ka nānā ʻole i ka mahana o ka honua waho. Hoʻopili kēia mau holoholona i nā mea hānai a me nā manu āpau.
ʻO nā Pisces nā mea koko-anu. Hele ko lākou koko i nā capillaries, e hele ma waena o nā gills a komo pololei i ka hoʻololi kinoea, ka hanu gill. Hāʻawi ke koko i ke kalapona kalapona kūpono a piha i ka oxygen e pono ai ma o nā paia o nā capillaries. I kēia manawa, hoʻomaʻalili ʻia ke koko i ka mahana o ka wai.
ʻO ia, ʻaʻole iʻa ka iʻa i ka wela i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka hana mākala. Ua hoʻoponopono ka hoʻomohala hoʻomohala o nā tunas i ka nalo ʻana o ka wela. ʻO ke ʻōnaehana hāʻawi koko o kēia iʻa kekahi mau ʻano ʻē. ʻO ka mea mua, nui nā moku liʻiliʻi o ka tuna. ʻO ka lua, hana nā uaua liʻiliʻi a me nā aʻa i kahi pūnaewele hoʻopili ʻia, pili maoli kekahi i kekahi. Hoʻokumu lākou i kekahi mea e like me ka exchanger wela.
ʻO ke koko Venous, hoʻomehana ʻia e nā mākala hana, hiki ke hāʻawi i kona mahanahana e hōʻoluʻolu i ke koko e holo ana i nā aʻa. ʻO kēia, hāʻawi i ke kino iʻa me ka oxygen a me ka wela, e hoʻomaka ana e hana me ka ikaika hou aku. Piʻi ke kēkelē laulā o ke kino. Hana kēia i ke kele i ka ʻauʻau ʻauʻau maikaʻi loa a me ka mea kūpale laki loa.
ʻO ka mea ʻike i ka hana no ka mālama ʻana i ka mahana o ke kino (nā mākala) i ke tuna, ua noi ka mea noiʻi Kepanī ʻo Kishinuye e hana i kahi kaʻawale kaʻawale no kēia iʻa. Ua kūkākūkā a hoʻopaʻapaʻa, ʻaʻole i hoʻomaka nā biologists e luku i ka ʻōnaehana i hoʻokumu a waiho ʻia nā tuna i ka ʻohana mackerel.
Hāpai ʻia ka hoʻololi wela maikaʻi ma waena o ke koko venous a me arterial ma muli o ka interlacing o nā capillaries. Loaʻa ka hopena i kēia. Ua lawe mai i nā waiwai pono he nui i loko o ka iʻa iʻa a hoʻolilo i ke kala o ka iʻa tuna i ʻulaʻula.
Nā ʻano
Nā ʻano tuna, kā lākou hoʻonohonoho ʻana, nā nīnau o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻokumu i nā kūlike ʻole ma waena o nā ʻepekema. A hiki i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kēia kenekulia, ua helu ʻia nā tunana maʻamau a me ka Pākīpika ma ke ʻano he subspecies o ka iʻa like. Aia wale nō he 7 mau laha i ke ʻano. Ma hope o ka nui o ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa, ua hāʻawi ʻia i nā mea i kapa ʻia ka inoa o ke ʻano kūʻokoʻa. Hoʻomaka ka genus o ka tuna i nā ʻano 8.
- ʻO Thunnus thynnus kahi ʻano nominative. Loaʻa ka huaʻōlelo "maʻamau". Kāhea pinepine ʻia he tuna polū. ʻO nā ʻano kaulana loa. Ke hōʻike ʻia tuna i ke kiʻi aiʻole lākou e kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka tuna i ka laulā manaʻo lākou i kēia ʻano kikoʻī.
Hiki i ka nui ma mua o 650 kg, linear nui o ka tuna ke hoʻokokoke nei i ka mika o 4.6 m. Inā hiki i nā lawaiʻa ke hopu i kahi hōʻike i 3 mau manawa liʻiliʻi, manaʻo ʻia kēia he kūleʻa nui.
ʻO ke kai kahakai ka noho nui o ka tuna polū. Ma ka ʻAkelanika mai ke Kaiwaenahonua a hiki i ke kai kūʻono o Mekiko, hoʻāʻo nā mea ʻai tuna a me nā lawaiʻa e hopu i kēia iʻa.
- Thunnus alalunga - ʻike ʻia ma lalo o ka inoa albacore a i ʻole longfin tuna. ʻO ka Pākīpika, ʻInia a me ʻAkelanika, nā moana kai wela i kahi tuna longfin. Hana nā kula o nā albacores i ka neʻe ʻana i ka transoceanic i ka ʻimi ʻana i kahi papaʻai maikaʻi a me ka hana hou.
ʻO ke kaupaona o ke albacore ma kahi o 60 kg, ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ke kino ma mua o 1.4 m. Loaʻa paʻa ʻia nā tuna Longfin ma nā kai ʻAkelanika a me ka Pākīpika. Ke hakakā nei kēia iʻa no ka primacy ma waena o nā tuna i ka ʻono.
- ʻO Thunnus maccoyii - ma muli o ka hoʻopili ʻana i ke kai hema, lawe ʻia ka inoa polū ma ka hema a polū paha ma ka hema, a i ʻole ka tuna o Australia. I ke ʻano o ke kaupaona a me nā ana, noho ia i kahi kūlana maʻamau ma waena o nā tuna. Piʻi ia a 2.5 m a loaʻa ke kaupaona a 260 kg.
Kēia ua loaʻa ke tuna i ke kai mehana o ka ʻaoʻao hema o ka Moana Honua. ʻAi nā kula o kēia iʻa i nā kapakai hema o ʻApelika a me Nūhōlani. ʻO ka papa wai nui kahi e alualu ai nā tunas hema i ka ʻāpana o ka papa o luna. Akā ʻaʻole makaʻu lākou i ka luʻu mile kekahi. ʻO nā hihia o nā tunas Australia e noho ana ma kahi hohonu o 2774 m i hoʻopaʻa ʻia.
- ʻO Thunnus obesus - i nā hiʻohiʻona nui, ke anawaena o ka maka ka nui o kahi kīʻaha maikaʻi. ʻO Bigeye tuna ka inoa maʻamau o kēia iʻa. ʻO ka iʻa me ka lōʻihi o 2.5 m a me ke kaupaona ʻoi aku ma mua o 200 kg he mau palena maikaʻi no ka tuna.
ʻAʻole komo i ke Kaiwaenahonua. I ke koena o ka moana Pākīpika, ʻAkelanika a me nā kai ʻInikia, ua loaʻa. Noho kokoke i ka papa, a hiki i kahi hohonu o 300m. ʻAʻole kākaʻikahi ka iʻa, he mea lawaiʻa tuna ia.
- ʻO Thunnus orientalis - Ua hāʻawi ʻia ke kala a me kahi e noho ai kēia iʻa i ka inoa o ka tuna bluefin Pacific. ʻAʻole wale kēia kuhi e pili ana i ke kala o ke kino bluish, no laila e huikau paha.
- ʻO Thunnus albacares - ma muli o ke kala o nā peʻa, loaʻa iā ia ka inoa ʻo Yellowfin tuna. ʻO Tropics a me nā latitude ākea kai ka nohona o kēia tuna. ʻAʻole ʻae ka Yellowfin tuna i ka wai i ke anuanu ma mua o 18 ° C. E neenee liʻiliʻi ia, pinepine i luna: mai nā wahi anuanu i kahi mahana.
- ʻO Thunnus atlanticus - hoʻi ʻeleʻele a me ʻAkelanika i hāʻawi i kēia ʻano i ka inoa ʻAkelanika, darkfin a i ʻole blackfin tuna. Kū i waho kēia ʻano mai ke koena e kāna helu ana. I ka makahiki 2, hiki iā ia ke hānau keiki, ma 5 mau makahiki, ua manaʻo ʻia ka ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele.
- ʻO Thunnus tonggol - Kāhea ʻia nā tuna huelo lōʻihi ma muli o ka wānana mua. He tuna liʻiliʻi kēia. ʻAʻole i ʻoi aku ka nui o ka laina linear ma mua o 1.45 m, ʻo ka nui o 36 kg ka palena. ʻO nā wai mehana o Subtropical o ke Kai ʻInikia a me ka Moana Pākīpika kahi e noho ai nā tuna huelo lōʻihi. Lohi mālie kēia iʻa ma mua o nā tuna ʻē aʻe.
He mea kūpono ia e haʻi aku i ka ʻohana mackerel he iʻa, like tuna - ʻO kēia ka bonita ʻAkelanika a i ʻole ka bonita. Aia i loko o ka ʻohana kekahi mau ʻano pili, ʻaʻole like i nā ʻaoʻao kino, akā i ka inoa pū kekahi. ʻO kekahi o lākou, e like me ka tuna onionio, he mea nui i ke kālepa.
Ka nohona a me ka nohona
Ke iʻa kula nei ʻo Tuna. Hoʻohana ʻia ka manawa nui i ka wahi pelagic. ʻO ia, ʻaʻole lākou e nānā i ka meaʻai ma lalo a ʻohiʻohi ʻole ia mai ka papa o ka wai. I ka kolamu wai, neʻe pinepine lākou i kahi mokulele kū i luna. Hoʻoholo ʻia ke ʻaoʻao o ka neʻe e ka mahana o ka wai. Mālama nā iʻa tuna i nā papa wai i hoʻomehana ʻia a 18-25 ° C.
ʻOiai e ʻimi holoholona ʻana i nā ʻohana hipa, ua hoʻomohala ʻia kahi ʻano maʻalahi a maikaʻi hoʻi. Hele lākou a puni ke kula o ka iʻa liʻiliʻi i ka pōʻaiapuni, kahi a lākou e ʻai ai. A laila hoʻouka koke lākou. ʻO ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻouka a me ka lawe ʻana o ka iʻa he kiʻekiʻe loa. I kahi manawa pōkole, ʻai ʻo tuna i kahi kula holoʻokoʻa holoʻokoʻa.
I ke kenekulia 19, ua ʻike ka poʻe lawaiʻa i ka maikaʻi o ka tuna zhora. Ua ʻike lākou i kēia mau iʻa ko lākou mea hoʻokūkū. Ua lawaiʻa ʻia ʻo Tuna ma nā kapakai hikina o ʻAmelika, i momona i nā iʻa, e pale aku i nā waihona iʻa. A hiki i ka waena o ke kenekulia 20, ʻaʻole waiwai nui ʻia ka ʻiʻo tuna a hoʻohana pinepine ʻia no ka hana ʻana i nā meaʻai holoholona.
Meaʻai kūpono
ʻAi nā ʻōpio o ke tuna i ka zooplankton, ʻai i nā ʻōpala a me nā iʻa o nā iʻa ʻē aʻe i loaʻa manaʻo ʻole iā lākou iho i ka pelagic. Ke ulu nei lākou, koho nā iʻa tuna i nā pahuhopu nui ʻoi aku ka mea pio. Hoʻouka nā mākua makua i nā kula o herring, mackerel, a luku i nā kaiāulu heʻe holoʻokoʻa.
ʻO ka hana hou a me ke ola o ke ola
Loaʻa i nā mele āpau kahi hoʻolālā ola maʻalahi no nā laha: hana lākou i nā nui o nā hua manu. Hiki i hoʻokahi wahine makua ke lūlū i nā hua manu he 10 miliona. Hiki i nā tunas Australia ke hana a 15 miliona mau hua.
Iʻa kai tunaʻo wai e ulu lohi ana. Loaʻa i kekahi ʻano laha i ka hiki ke hoʻohua i nā keiki ma 10 mau makahiki a ʻoi paha. ʻAʻole pōkole ke ola o kēia mau iʻa, a hiki i 35 mau makahiki. ʻ saylelo nā biologists hiki i ke ola o ke tuna lōʻihi ke ola i 50 mau makahiki.
Kumukūʻai
He iʻa olakino ka lawaiʻa... Hoʻonui nui ʻia kona ʻiʻo ma Iapana. Mai kēia ʻāina mai nā nūhou o nā kiʻekiʻena lani i piʻi i luna kumu kūʻai tuna ma nā kūʻai kūʻai meaʻai. Hōʻike pinepine ka pāpāho i nā moʻolelo kumukūʻai hou. ʻO ka nui o US $ 900-1000 no kēlā me kēia kg o ke tuna ʻaʻole ia he mea maikaʻi loa.
I nā hale kūʻai iʻa Lūkini, he kaulike nā kumukūʻai no ka tuna. ʻO kahi laʻana, hiki ke kūʻai ʻia i kahi papa tuna no 150 rubles. ʻAʻole paʻakikī ka kūʻai ʻana o kahi tuna ʻelua haneli-ʻelima gram i ke kūʻai ʻana no 250 rubles a ʻoi aku paha, e like me ke ʻano o ka tuna a me ka ʻāina hana.
Lawaiʻa Tuna
Iʻa tuna hopu ʻia no nā hana kalepa. Eia kekahi, ʻo ia ke kumuhana o ka lawaiʻa haʻuki a me ka trophy. Ua holomua ka lawaiʻa lawaiʻa tuna ʻoihana. I ke kenekulia i hala, ua lako hou nā ʻauwaʻa lawaiʻa tuna.
I nā makahiki 80, ua hoʻomaka lākou e kūkulu i nā seiners mana nui i kau nui ʻia i ka hopu ʻana i ka tuna. ʻO ka mea hana nui o kēia mau moku ʻo ka purse seine, ka mea i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ka hiki ke komo i nā haneli mau mika he nui a me ka hiki ke hāpai i kahi pūʻulu tuna ma luna o ka moku i hoʻokahi manawa.
Loaʻa nā hiʻohiʻona nui loa o ka tuna i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā laina lōʻihi. He lou kēia, ʻaʻole i hoʻokau ʻia me ke akamai. ʻAʻole i ka wā ma mua, ua hoʻohana wale ʻia ka lou laka i nā mahiʻai lawaiʻa liʻiliʻi. I kēia manawa ke kūkulu nei lākou i nā moku kūikawā - nā longliners.
Tiers - nā kaula i hohola ʻia i luna (nā laina), kahi e hoʻopaʻa ai nā kaula me nā lou. Hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻāpana iʻa iʻa e like me ka maunu kūlohelohe. Hāʻawi pinepine ʻia lākou me kahi pūpū o nā pae kala a i ʻole nā simulants pio. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa nui ke ʻano kula o ka hana hānai tuna i nā hana a nā lawaiʻa.
Ke hopu ʻana i ke tuna, kupu mai kahi pilikia koʻikoʻi - kūleʻa kēia mau iʻa. Pono kekahi mau laha e ola 10 mau makahiki ma mua o ka hiki iā lākou ke hoʻohua i ke keiki tuna. Hoʻokau nā kuʻikahi kūwaho i ka palena o ka lawaiʻa o nā tuna ʻōpio.
I nā ʻāina he nui, ʻaʻole ʻae ʻia nā ʻōpio ma lalo o ka pahi i ka hoʻāʻo e mālama i ka heluna tuna a loaʻa ka loaʻa kālā. Lawe ʻia lākou i nā mahiʻai iʻa kahakai kahi e hānai ʻia ai ka iʻa i ka wā makua. Hoʻohui ʻia nā hana kūlohelohe a me nā ʻoihana e hoʻonui i ka hana iʻa.
