Driller a i ʻole ʻāpana lepo - kekahi o nā mea kolo kahi a ke kanaka i hana ai i ʻano ʻano kānalua. Manaʻo kekahi iā ia he pest weliweli, ʻo kekahi - he mea kōkua a me kahi mea kōkua i ka mahiʻai. He aha kēia ʻano mea, a he aha ka hana a ka maikaʻi a ʻino paha?
Hōʻike a me nā hiʻohiʻona
ʻO nā beetles dung nā ʻelele o ke kauoha Coleoptera, no ka ʻohana lamellar a he ʻāpana o kahi ʻohana nui o nā shrews. A laila he aha ke ʻano o ka nalo lepo, hilinaʻi ʻia i nā kumu he nui, i ke ʻano ma nā ʻano ona e pili ana a me ka wahi noho. No laila, ʻokoʻa ka nui o ka imago mai 1 a 7 cm, ke kaumaha - mai 0.75 a 1.5 g. Hiki ke kala i ʻeleʻele, i ʻeleʻele, i uliuli, i ʻōmaʻomaʻo, i melemele.
Eia kekahi, ʻo nā pepeke makua āpau i:
- kino lōkō a poepoe paha;
- poʻo i kuhikuhi ʻia i mua;
- antennae, nona nā ʻāpana 11 a e hoʻopau ana i nā pā fan-like;
- ʻekolu mau wāwae wāwae me ka tibial serrated ma ka lihi waho a me 2 spurs ma ka piko;
- ʻōpū, nona nā sternite 6, kahi e kau ai nā huila 7;
- hāmeʻa waha o kahi ʻano ʻūlū.
Eia kekahi, ʻo nā beetles āpau i nā ʻāpana chitinous mānoanoa, ma lalo o kahi eheu ʻili kahi e waiho ai. Akā ʻaʻole hiki i nā drillers āpau ke lele i ka manawa like - ua nalowale loa kekahi i ka hiki ke neʻe i ka lewa.
Hoihoi! I ka wā lele, ʻaʻole wehe ka elytra o nā nalo lepo. Kūʻē kēia i nā kānāwai āpau o nā aerodynamics, akā ʻaʻole ia e hoʻopilikia i nā mea kolo. Maikaʻi loa kā lākou lele ʻana a hiki ke kiʻi maʻalahi i kahi lele lele (ʻo kahi maʻa ma mua o ka mana o nā manu he nui!)
Nā ʻano
I kēia lā, ua hoʻokaʻawale nā ʻepekema i nā ʻano beetle he 750 e like me nā nalo lepo, i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ʻelua hui nui: Coprophaga a me Arenicolae. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa nui ma waena o nā lunamakaʻāinana o nā hui ʻelua ʻo ia nā nūnū e pili ana i ka Coprophaga i uhi a me nā lehelehe luna o ka ʻili a me ka iwi ā. I ka Arenicolae, paʻakikī a olohelohe kēia mau ʻāpana.
ʻO nā ʻano kaulana loa:
- ʻAlā lepo (Geotrupes stercorarius L.). He lunamakaʻāinana maʻamau. Lōʻihi 16-27 mm o. Ma luna, he ʻeleʻele ko ke kino me ka ʻōlinolino i haʻi ʻia, i kekahi manawa polū a ʻōmaʻomaʻo paha, a i ʻole hiki ke nānā ʻia kahi palena. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao haʻahaʻa o ke kino poni a polū paha (ʻo nā hiʻohiʻona me kahi ʻōpū ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo e emi iki aʻe). Loaʻa i nā uhi ʻēheu he 7 mau ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa.
Hiki ke loaʻa nā beetles makua ma nā wahi āpau mai ʻApelila a Nowemapa.
- Kapu nahele (Anoplotrupes stercorosus). ʻIke nui. ʻO ka nui o ke kanaka makua he 12-20 mm. ʻO ka elytra he bluish-ʻeleʻele a ʻehiku mau kiko kaha, ʻeleʻele ka ʻōpū me ka sheen metallic. Ma lalo o ka chitinous elytra nā ʻeheu i hiki ke ʻōmaʻomaʻo, poni, a ʻeleʻele paha. Loaʻa i ka Antennae i kahi ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula a me ka "pin" nui ma nā kihi.
ʻO ke kau o ka hana o ka beetle ke kauwela, mai ka waenakonu o Mei a hiki i ke anahulu mua o Kepakemapa. I loko o kēia manawa, hiki iā ia ke hoʻomākaukau i nā lua me nā keʻena a waiho i nā hua i loko o lākou.
- Pōpō lepo lepo (Trypocopris vernalis). ʻO kahi ʻano laha ʻole, i helu ʻia i loko o ka Red Book o kekahi mau wahi o ka Russian Federation a me Belarus.
ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino o ka pepeke he 18-20 mm, kona ʻano he oval a ʻololī. ʻO ka ʻili o ka elytra me he mea lā he pālahalaha loa ia, no ka mea ʻaʻohe aʻa ma luna o lākou. ʻO pronotum ākea me nā punctures liʻiliʻi. Aia kekahi o nā polū ʻeleʻele, ʻeleʻele-uliuli a me nā kala ʻōmaʻomaʻo (ʻo ka hope e like loa me nā keleawe, akā ʻokoʻa iā lākou i ko lākou ʻano o ke ola). ʻO ka manawa o ka hana ke kauwela.
- Pipi kauō (Onthophagus taurus). ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino pālahalaha o kēia kolo 15 mm. Loaʻa kona inoa no nā mea ulu like e like me nā pepeiaohao. Hiki iā lākou ke loaʻa ma ke kua, ma mua, a ma waena o ke poʻo a loaʻa wale i nā kāne.
I nā kūlana ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole ulu nā pepeiaohao o nā nalo, akā i kēia mea e hoʻokūpaʻa ʻia kā lākou "kāne" e nā ʻōiwi hoʻonui. Eia kekahi ma waena o nā ʻano laha pinepine a ʻike ʻia hoʻi o nā beetle lepo ka ʻāpana rhinoceros a me ka scarab laʻa.
Ka nohona a me ka nohona
Maʻamau, nalo nalo - insect, ʻaʻole hoʻomanawanui i ka maloʻo a me ka wela. No laila, noho ʻo ia ma nā wahi me kahi aniau mehana a me ke anuanu. Eia nō naʻe, i loko o ka "ʻohana" lehulehu o nā beetle lepo he mea kekahi i hoʻopili kūpono i ke ola i ka wao akua (e like paha, me nā scarabs).
Hoʻolahalaha nā ʻano o nā beetle lepo ma ʻEulopa, ma ʻAmelika, a ma ʻAsia Hema. Ua koho kekahi o lākou i nā wahi o ka ʻĀkau Hema o Lūkia. Ua noho hou nā nalo lepo ma Australia. ʻO ka noho ʻana o ka ʻāinapuni e nā beetles i hana mua ʻia i hana ʻole ʻia, akā ʻo nā kūlana maikaʻi i ʻae ʻia nā mea kolo e hoʻonui koke a noho i nā panalāʻau nui o Australia.
I ka mua, ʻeleu nā nalo i ke ao. Eia naʻe, ʻo ka nui o ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana o ka mahana, ʻo ka liʻiliʻi pinepine ia e ʻike ʻia ai i waho i ke ao. Ma hope iho, aia i ka nalo beetles i ka pō, ʻike ʻia i nā wahi i hoʻomālamalama ʻia ke loaʻa kahi makaʻu.
Hoʻolālā lākou i ko lākou manawa āpau i loko o kā lākou mau lua, ʻo ka hohonu o 15 cm a 2 mau mika ka lōʻihi. ʻEli nā Beetles i ko lākou mau hale malumalu ma lalo o ka papa o nā lau i hina a i ʻole kahi puʻu lepo. Kolo lākou i ka ʻili wale no ka māhele hou o ka manure. ʻOlokaʻa lākou i ka mea pio a lākou i ʻike ai i pōpō. ʻO ia me kahi pōpō e like me nalo beetle i ke kiʻi a me nā kiʻi o nā kōkua ʻike.
Paʻa nā mea kolo i ka popo lepo me ko lākou mau wāwae hope. I ka manawa like, huli me kāna mau wāwae mua, neʻe ʻo ia i ke ala e pono ai, e hāpai ana i kāna ukana ma hope ona. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā nalo lepo e noho mehameha wale nō, pili wale i ka wā hānau, akā aia kekahi mau ʻano e makemake e noho i nā kolone liʻiliʻi. I ka manawa like, makemake nui nā kāne i ka "hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā mea". I kekahi manawa kū aʻe nā hakakā ma luna o nā wahine, akā ʻo ka pinepine kaʻana like nā beetles i nā tidbits o ka meaʻai.
A ma waena o nā nalo lepo ka mea ʻaihue i nā pōpō o haʻi me ke kōkua o ka "maʻalea". ʻO ka mea mua, kōkua lākou i nā kolo ʻē aʻe e ʻōwili i ka ukana i kahi kūpono, a laila, ke makemake ka mea nona ka ʻeli ʻana i ka mink, "lawe" lākou i ka kinipōpō. Kapa ʻia ia mau nalo ʻā lepo.
ʻAiʻai Pono
Ua maopopo ka inoa o ka insect he aha ka ʻai a ka nalo lepo e ʻai ai, he aha kāna meaʻai nui. Eia nō naʻe, e like me ka ʻike o ka ʻepekema, ʻaʻole ʻo ka manure wale nō ka meaʻai no kēia mau nalo. Hiki i nā mākua, ke laʻana, ke ʻai i kekahi mau ʻalalā, a hānai ʻia nā larvae o nā nalo lepo e nā ʻūpala.
Hoʻohui ʻia, loaʻa i kā ka beetle lepo kā lākou makemake iho. ʻOiai ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, inā pono, hiki iā lākou ke ʻai i ka ʻōpala o nā holoholona he nui (ʻo ka hapanui o nā bipi), inā hāʻawi ʻia i kahi koho, e hāʻawi mau lākou i ka makemake i ka manure lio. Ma ke ala, he lio ia a he lepo hoʻi nā hipa e hoʻāʻo nei nā pepeke e mālama no kā lākou keiki.
Hoihoi! Maʻemaʻe loa nā beetles lepo e pili ana i ka meaʻai. Ma mua o ka hoʻomau ʻana me ka hana ʻana o ka manure, honi lākou iā ia no kekahi manawa lōʻihi, hoʻopaʻa haʻawina me ke kōkua o kā lākou antennae. A inā i ka wā o ka hoʻokolokolo ʻana ʻaʻole māʻona ka nalo i ka ʻala o ka ʻōpala, ʻaʻole ʻo ia e ʻai iā lākou.
ʻO ka hana hou a me ke ola o ke ola
E like me ka hapanui o nā kolo, ʻo ke kaʻina hoʻomohala o ka driller he 4 mau hanana i hope: nā hua, nā larvae, nā pupae, a me nā mākua. Hoʻomaka ka wā moena me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kauwela. E hoʻomau i ka genus, hana nā mea kolo i mau pālua no kahi manawa pōkole.
Ma hope o ka male ʻana, hoʻomoe ka wahine momona i 3-6 mau hua e pili ana i 3 mm ka nui. No ka pā pōhaku, like kinipōpō piʻo lepoʻolokaʻa pono ʻia e nā mākua ma mua. I ka manawa like, loaʻa i kēlā me kēia hua manu kāna pōpō pono o ka manure a me kahi "keʻena" ʻokoʻa - kahi lālā i ka lua o lalo.
Ma hope o 28-30 mau lā, kū ka larva mai ka hua manu. He kino mānoanoa, kino pūlolo kona. Hiki i ke kala kumu ke keʻokeʻo momona, beige a melemele paha. Kākoʻo ke poʻo. E like me kahi pepeke makua, ua hāʻawi ke kūlohelohe i ka larva me nā auwaha type gnawing maikaʻi i hoʻomohala maikaʻi ʻia. He mānoanoa kona mau wāwae umauma pōkole (ʻaʻole hoʻomohala ʻia nā lālā ʻōpū). Ma kona poʻo, aia nā antennae, i ʻekolu mau ʻāpana. Akā ʻaʻohe ona maka.
Hiki ke hoʻomau i kēia pae o ka hoʻomohala i 9 mau mahina, i ka manawa hea larva beetle larva hānai i ka manure i hoʻomākaukau nona. Ma hope o kēia manawa, ka larva, ka mea i loaʻa ka ikaika a hōʻiliʻili i nā meaʻai, nā pupates.
Hoihoi! ʻO nā manawa āpau a ka larva e hoʻolilo ai i kāna "lumi", ʻaʻole lawe ʻia kāna huahana neoneo i waho, akā hōʻiliʻili ʻia i loko o kahi ʻeke kūikawā. I ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, ka hoʻopihapiha ʻana, hana ia i kekahi ʻano puʻu ma ke kua o ka larva. ʻO ke ʻano o kēia hoʻoponopono ʻana e pale aku i nā keiki a ka ʻōpala lepo mai ka lāʻau ʻino ʻia e kā lākou ʻōpala iho.
I ka wā pupal, hoʻolimalima ka pīpī lepo ma kahi o 2 mau pule, a ma hope o ka poha ʻana o ka pūpū a hānau ʻia kahi ʻelele makua. ʻO ka manawa maʻamau o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka nalo lepo he 1 makahiki, ʻoiai ke ola nei nā mākua ma mua o 2-3 mau mahina - lawa ka manawa e haʻalele ai i nā keiki.
Nā kōkua a me nā pōʻino i nā kānaka
Manaʻo kekahi o nā māla i kēia mau pepeke he mea hōʻino a lawe i nā ana like ʻole e luku iā lākou i kā lākou mau kipi. Eia naʻe, hewa hewa kēia manaʻo, a hana ʻino ʻole nā drillers. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, maikaʻi nui kēia mau mea i ka lepo a me nā mea kanu i ka māla a i ʻole ka māla mea kanu.
ʻO ka pōmaikaʻi nui ʻo ia nalo lepo - reducent, paipai ia i ka hana ʻana o nā mea hoʻohui paʻakikī i loko o nā mea maʻalahi i loaʻa no ka asimilation e nā mea kanu. ʻO ia, mahalo i kēia mau mea kolo, lilo ka manure i "pono" a hoʻomaka e "hana" e hoʻonui i nā hua.
ʻO kahi laʻana hoʻohālikelike o nā pōmaikaʻi o ka beetle ke kūlana ma Australia. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo me ke komo ʻana o ka poʻe malihini i ka ʻāina hema, ua hoʻonui nui ʻia ka nui o nā holoholona ma aneʻi. Eia kekahi, ua hoʻomohala ʻia ka mahi ʻana o nā mea hope e nā wahi hānai lehulehu me ka mauʻu mauʻu ʻōmaʻomaʻo.
Eia nō naʻe, he wā pōkole ka hauʻoli o ka poʻe noho (ʻo ka mea hoʻi i hoʻomaka e loaʻa kālā ma ka lawe ʻana aku i ka ʻiʻo a me ka hulu hipa). Ma hope o kekahi mau makahiki, ua pau ka hoʻoulu hou ʻia ʻana o nā mea kanu, lilo nā wahi hānai i mau ʻāina neoneo. Ke hoʻololi nei i ka papaʻai mai ka mauʻu momona i ka maikaʻi ʻole o nā kumu lāʻau i hoʻohuli maikaʻi ʻole ʻia i ka heluna holoholona a me ka maikaʻi o nā huahana i loaʻa mai iā ia.
Ma hope o ke komo pū ʻana o ka ʻepekema (ecologists, biologists, entomologists a me nā poʻe ʻē aʻe) i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka pilikia, ua akāka e pili pono ana ka nele o nā mea kanu i ka nui o ka manure ma nā wahi hānai mua. I ka hoʻomaloʻo ʻana a me ka pā ʻana ʻia ʻana, ʻaʻole ʻae wale ka ʻōpala holoholona i ka mauʻu e "haki" i ke kukui.
Ma ke ʻano he hopena i ka pilikia, ua hōʻike ka ʻepekema like me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka "hana" o nā beetles lepo. ʻOiai ʻaʻohe mau kolo kūpono ma Nūhōlani, lawe ʻia mai nei lākou mai nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe. Ua hoʻomaopopo koke nā ʻelele o nā burrowers lamellar i kā lākou hana a i loko o kekahi mau makahiki wale nō i hiki ke hoʻoponopono i ke kūlana - ua uhi hou ʻia nā wahi hānai o nā mea hoʻohua bipi o Australia me nā ʻōpuʻu ʻōmaʻomaʻo o nā mea kanu lau nahele.
Hāʻawi ʻia i kēia mau mea āpau, ʻaʻole paha ia e kāhea aku kekahi kanaka māla o Ausetalia i ka mahiʻai a mea ʻino paha a me nā mea kolo weliweli. Ma ke ala, ʻaʻole ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa manure wale nō ka pōmaikaʻi i lawe ʻia e kēia mau nalo. Ke hoʻolako pono nei i ko lākou mau hale, ʻeli lākou i nā tunnels, e hoʻokuʻu ana i ka lepo, a laila, hāʻawi i ka momona me ka oxygen.
Hoʻohui ʻia, e ka ʻōwili ʻana i nā pōpō lepo, hāʻawi nā beetles i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole (ʻike ʻia i ka lepo o nā pipi a me nā ruminants liʻiliʻi he mau mea kanu i kanu ʻole ʻia, me kā lākou mau hua).
ʻIkepili Hoihoi
ʻAʻole maikaʻi wale ka pīpī lepo, akā he pepeke hoihoi loa. Eia kekahi mau mea ʻike ʻole a kahaha e pili ana iā ia:
- I ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kāna kinipōpō, ʻolokaʻa ka nalo iā ia i ke ala kūpono, alakaʻi ʻia e nā hōkū.
- Ma mua o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā lawelawe kūikawā, ua kōkua nā nalo lepo i ka wānana i ke anilā no kekahi lā aʻe. ʻIke ka poʻe noʻonoʻo inā hana nui nā mea kolo i ke ao, a laila ʻo ka lā aʻe e mahana, mahana a mālie hoʻi.
- Wahi a nā kānaka ʻepekema, i hoʻokahi puʻu o ka lepo ʻelepani ke kaupaona ʻia he 1.5 wale nō kilokilo, a hiki i ka 16,000 mau pulu lepo i ka manawa like ke ola.
- ʻIke ka nalo pehea e ʻike ai i ka makaʻu i ka hiki ke hiki. I ka manawa like, hoʻomaka ʻo ia e hana i kahi kani e like me ke kolo.
- Hiki i nā nalo lepo ke huki i ka pulu mai ka lewa (ma ke ala, ʻo kēia ka nui o lākou e ola nei ma ka wao akua ʻApelika). E hana i kēia, huli lākou i ka makani a hohola i ko lākou mau ʻeheu. Ma hope o kekahi manawa, hoʻomaka nā pākū o ka wai e hoʻoulu i nā wahi kipi o ke poʻo o ka ʻenekia. Ke hōʻiliʻili ʻuʻuku, ʻohiʻohi ʻia nā mea i loko o kahi kulu, a laila kahe pololei i ka waha o ka nalo lepo.
- Hoʻopaʻa nā Drillers i ka moʻolelo no ka ikaika ma waena o nā ʻelala. Ma hope o nā mea āpau, ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke ʻōwili i kahi pōpō wale nō, ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o lākou iho, akā e huki hoʻi i kahi ukana i kaupaona ʻia he 90 mau manawa i ko lākou kaumaha ponoʻī. E pili ana i ka ikaika o ke kanaka, hoʻoneʻe ka nalo lepo i ka nui e like me 60-80 tone (ʻo kēia ke kaupaona o 6 mau kaʻa pahi ʻelua i ka manawa hoʻokahi).
A akamai nō hoʻi nā beetle lepo. ʻO ka hōʻoia o kēia ka hoʻokolohua o ka entomologist kaulana ʻo Jean-Henri Fabre me nā scarabs. Ke nānā nei i ka nalo, "kui" ka ʻepekema i ka popo lepo i ka honua me kahi nila pancake. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻoneʻe i ka ukana ma hope o kēlā, ua hana ka ʻenekia i tunnel ma lalo ona.
Ke ʻike nei i ke kumu e hiki ʻole ai i ka pōpō ke neʻe, ua hoʻāʻo ka nalo lepo e lawe iā ia mai ka nila. Ua hoʻohana ʻo ia i kona kua ponoʻī ma ke ʻano he lever. No ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka hana ua hapa iki ʻo ia. Ma hope iho, i ka wā i kau ai ʻo Fabre i kahi ʻiliʻili ma kahi e pili ana i ka puʻu o ka manure, piʻi ka piʻo i luna ona a hoʻokuʻu ʻia naʻe kāna "waiwai".
