Toothfish - iʻa predatory kai hohonu, noho i nā wai anuanu Antarctic. Hoʻohui ka inoa "iʻa niho" i ka genus holoʻokoʻa, kahi e hoʻopili ai i nā ʻano Antarctic a me Patagonian. ʻAno iki lākou i ka morphology a alakaʻi i kahi ʻano like. ʻO ka laulā o Patagonian a me Antarctic toothfish overlaps.
Hoʻopili nā ʻano ʻelua i ka moana kai Antarctic. ʻO ka inoa maʻamau ʻo "iʻa niho" e hoʻi i ka hanana kūikawā o ka ʻāpana niho-niho: ma nā ā luna mana he 2 lālani o nā niho kini, ʻūlū iki i loko. ʻO ka mea e ʻoluʻolu ʻole ai kēia iʻa.
Hōʻike a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Toothfish — he iʻa ʻaihue, aloha a ʻaʻole pīhoihoi loa. Ua lōʻihi ka lōʻihi o ke kino i 2 m. Hiki ke kaumaha ma mua o 130 kg. ʻO ia ka iʻa nui loa e noho ana i ke kai Antarctic. He poepoe ke kuea o ke kino. Hoʻopili mālie ke kino i ka wanana. Nui ke poʻo, helu 15-20 pākēneka o ka nui o ke kino. Pālahalaha iki e like me ka nui o nā iʻa lalo.
ʻO ka waha he mānoanoa-lipped, terminal, me ka iwi ā lalo i ʻike maka ʻia i mua. ʻO nā niho bead, hiki ke hoʻopaʻa i nā mea pio a ʻānai i ka pū o kahi invertebrate. Nui nā maka. Aia lākou i hiki i ka kolamu wai i ke kahua o ka ʻike, kahi i kau ʻia ʻaʻole ma nā ʻaoʻao a ma mua wale nō, akā ma luna nō hoʻi o ka iʻa.
ʻO ka ihu, me ka iwi ā lalo, ʻaʻohe mea unahi. Uhi ʻia nā kaha o nā kāwaha i nā uhi ikaika. Ma hope o lākou nā peʻa pectoral nui. Loaʻa iā lākou i kekahi mau manawa he 27 mau kukuna uila. ʻO nā unahi ma lalo o nā fector pectoral he ctenoid (me kahi kaʻe waho o ke serrated). Ma ke koena o ke kino, he cycloid liʻiliʻi ia (me ka lihi waho i hoʻopuni ʻia).
ʻO ka niho niho kahi ʻano iʻa nui loa
Aia nā wili ʻelua ma ka laina dorsal. ʻO ka mua, dorsal, loaʻa nā kukuna 7-9 o ka paʻakikī waena. ʻO ka lua he 25 mau kaola. ʻO ka huelo a me ka fin anal o ka lōʻihi like. Symmetrical caudal fin me ka ʻole o nā lobes i haʻi ʻia, kokoke i ka triangular i ke ʻano. ʻO kēia ʻano fin ka mea maʻamau no ka iʻa notothenium.
ʻO ka niho niho, e like me nā iʻa notothenium ʻē aʻe, e noho mau nei i ka wai anuanu loa, e noho nei i nā mahana anuanu. Lawe ka kūlohelohe i kēia ʻoiaʻiʻo: i ke koko a me nā wai o ke iʻa i loaʻa nā glycoproteins, nā sugars, i hui pū ʻia me nā protein. Pale lākou i ke hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā aniani hau. He antifreeze kūlohelohe lākou.
Lilo ke koko anuanu loa. Hiki i kēia ke alakaʻi i ka lohi i ka hana o nā mea kūloko, ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ke koko a me nā pilikia ʻē aʻe. Ua aʻo ke kino o ka iʻa niho i ka lahilahi o ke koko. Heʻuʻuku kona erythrocytes a me nā mea ʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe ma mua o ka iʻa maʻamau. ʻO ka hopena, holo wikiwiki ke koko ma mua o ka iʻa maʻamau.
E like me nā iʻa noho lalo, nele ka iʻa iʻa i kahi wai ʻauʻau. Akā piʻi pinepine ka iʻa mai lalo a hiki i nā pae kiʻekiʻe o ke kolamu wai. He paʻakikī e hana i kēia me ka ʻole o kahi ʻauʻau. No ke kū ʻana i kēia hana, ua loaʻa ke kino o ka iʻa niho i ka ʻaʻohe buoyancy: aia nā momona o nā iʻa o nā iʻa, a ʻo nā iwi i kā lākou haku ʻana he hapa iki o nā minelala.
ʻO ka iʻa niho he iʻa ulu lohi. ʻO ka loaʻa ke kaupaona nui i loko o nā makahiki he 10 o ke ola. I ka makahiki 20, kū ka hana ʻana o ke kino. ʻO ke kaumaha o ka iʻa niho i kēia makahiki i ʻoi aku ma mua o ka māka 100-kilogram. ʻO ia ka iʻa nui loa ma waena o notothenia e pili ana i ka nui a me ke kaupaona. ʻO ka mea ʻaihue hanohano i waena o nā iʻa e noho ana i nā wai anuanu o ka Antarctic.
I ka hohonu o ka mile, ʻaʻole pono e hilinaʻi ka iʻa i ka lohe a me ka ʻike. Lilo i ka laina ʻaoʻao ka mea nui manaʻo. ʻO kēia paha ke kumu i loaʻa ʻole ai i nā ʻano ʻelua, akā he 2 mau laina ʻaoʻao: dorsal a me medial. I ka iʻa niho niho Patagonian, kū i waho ka laina waena ma kona lōʻihi holoʻokoʻa: mai ke poʻo a i ka wānana mua. ʻO kahi hapa wale nō o ia e ʻike ʻia ma ka Antarctic.
Aia kekahi mau ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā laha. Pākuʻi ʻia kēia mau mea i ke poʻo o ka lāhui Patagonian. He kūlike ʻole ia a aia ma waena o nā maka. Ma muli o ka noho ʻana o nā lāhui Patagonian i loko o nā wai mehana, ua liʻiliʻi ka antifreeze maoli i loko o kona koko.
Nā ʻano
ʻO ka niho niho kahi ʻano iʻa o ka iʻa i hoʻopau ʻia, i helu ʻia ma waena o ka ʻohana Notothenia. I loko o nā puke ʻepekema, ʻike ʻia ke ʻano o nā iʻa niho ʻo Dissostichus. Ua ʻike ʻepekema ʻelua wale nō ʻano i hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia he niho niho.
- Iʻa niho niho Patagonian... ʻO kēia wahi nā wai anuanu o ka Moana Hema, ʻAkelanika. Makemake i nā mahana ma waena o 1 ° C a me 4 ° C. Holo i loko o ke kai ma kahi hohonu o 50 a 4000 m. Kāhea nā ʻepekema i kēia iʻa niho Dissostichus eleginoides. ʻIke ʻia i ke kenekulia 19 a ua aʻo maikaʻi ʻia.
- Mākala niho Antarctic... ʻO ka laulā o nā laha ka waena waena a me lalo o ka moana ma ka hema o 60 ° S latitude. ʻO ka mea nui ʻaʻole kiʻekiʻe ka mahana ma luna o 0 ° C. ʻO Dissostichus mawsoni ka inoa ʻōnaehana. Ua wehewehe wale ʻia ia ma ka makahiki XX. ʻO kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona o ke ola o ka lāhui Antarctic ka mea pohihihi.
Ka nohona a me ka nohona
Loaʻa ka niho niho ma kahakai o Antarctica. Pau ka palena ʻākau o ka pae ma ka latitu o Uruguay. Hiki iā ʻoe ke loaʻa nā iʻa niho niho Patagonian ma aneʻi. Uhi ka ʻāpana i nā wahi wai nui wale nō, akā i nā hohonu ʻokoʻa loa. Mai kahi kokoke loa i 50, mau mika pelagial a 50 mau mika i nā wahi o 2-km lalo.
Hana ka niho niho i ka neʻe ʻana a me ka neʻe ʻana o ka meaʻai. Holo wikiwiki ia i luna, i nā hohonu like ʻole me ka hōʻeha ʻole i ke olakino. Pehea e hiki ai i ka iʻa ke kū i ke kaomi kaomi ke waiho i kahi mea pohihihi i nā ʻepekema Ma waho aʻe o ka pono o ka meaʻai, koi ka hoʻomehana wela i nā iʻa e hoʻomaka i kā lākou huakaʻi. Makemake ka meaola niho i ka wai i ʻole mehana o ka wai ma mua o 4 ° C.
ʻO ka heʻe ke kumu o ka ʻimi ʻana i ka iʻa niho o nā makahiki āpau. Kūleʻa maikaʻi nā ʻāpana o nā iʻa niho heʻe maʻamau. Me ka heʻe nui o ke kai hohonu, loli nā kuleana. Kūkākūkā nā biologists a me nā lawaiʻa i ka moʻo kai nunui-mika, ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke kāhea iā ia he heʻe nui, e hopu a ʻai pū i nā iʻa niho nui.
Ma waho o nā cephalopods, ʻai ʻia nā ʻano iʻa āpau, krill. ʻO nā crustacean ʻē aʻe. Hiki i ka iʻa ke hana ma ke ʻano he scavenger. ʻAʻole ia e haʻalele ʻole i ka ʻai kanaka: i kekahi manawa, ʻai ʻo ia i kāna keiki ponoʻī. Ma ka papa ʻaina, huli nā iʻa iʻa i ka iʻa, nā iʻa kālā a me nā notothenia. No laila, lilo ia i mea hoʻokūkū meaʻai i nā penguins, nā koholā kaha onionio, a me nā sila.
ʻOiai he poʻe ʻaihue nui, lilo pinepine nā iʻa niho i mau mea no ka ʻimi holoholona. Hoʻouka pinepine nā mea mamele moana i nā iʻa momona, kaumaha. ʻO ka iʻa niho kahi o ka papaʻai o nā sila a me nā kohola kohola. Toothfish i ke kiʻi hōʻike pinepine ʻia me ke sila. No ka iʻa niho, ʻo kēia ka hope loa, ʻaʻole loa i ke kiʻi hauʻoli.
ʻO ka heʻe ka meaʻai punahele a ka iʻa niho.
ʻO ka niho niho kahi kokoke i ka piko o nā kaulahao meaʻai o ka honua wai Antarctic. ʻO nā mea hānai kai nunui ka mea ʻaihue e hilinaʻi ana iā ia. Ua ʻike ka poʻe biologists ʻo ka lawaiʻa ʻana o ka iʻa iʻa i alakaʻi ʻia i nā loli i ka ʻai ʻana o nā kohola kohola. Hoʻomaka lākou e hoʻouka pinepine i nā cetaceans ʻē aʻe.
ʻAʻole hōʻike ka pūʻā puaʻa niho i kahi kaiāulu nui, māhele like. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kekahi mau lehulehu kūloko. Hāʻawi ka ʻikepili mai nā lawaiʻa i kahi wehewehe kokoke o ka palena o ka lehulehu. Hōʻike nā noiʻi genetic aia kekahi mau hoʻololi kūʻē ma waena o nā lehulehu.
ʻO ka hana hou a me ke ola o ke ola
Hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi ʻole ʻia ke ola o ka iʻa niho. ʻAʻole maopopo ia i ka makahiki hea i hiki ai i nā iʻa niho ke hana i ka hānau. Loaʻa ka pae mai 10 a 12 mau makahiki i nā kāne, 13 a 17 mau makahiki i nā wahine. He mea nui kēia hōʻailona. ʻO nā iʻa wale nō i mālama i ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā keiki ke kumu o ka hopu ʻana i nā ʻoihana.
Puka ka iʻa niho niho Patagonian i kēlā me kēia makahiki, me ka hana ʻole ʻana i kahi neʻe nui e hoʻokō i kēia hana. Akā neʻe i ka hohonu o kahi 800 - 1000 m. Wahi a kekahi hōʻike, piʻi aʻe nā iʻa nihoʻo Patagonian i nā latitude kiʻekiʻe aʻe no ka hānau ʻana.
Hana ʻia ka spawning i Iune-Kepakemapa, i ka hoʻoilo Antarctic. Pelagic ke ʻano o ka ʻōnaehana ʻana. ʻO ka caviar niho kahili ʻia i loko o ke kolamu wai. E like me nā iʻa āpau e hoʻohana i kēia ʻano hana o ka hanau keiki ʻana, hana nā iʻa niho wahine i mau haneli haneli, a i hoʻokahi miliona hua manu. Loaʻa nā hua manu manuahi me nā goome iʻa niho kāne. Waiho iā lākou iho, e ʻauheʻe ana nā embryos i nā papa o ka wai.
ʻO ka ulu ʻana o ka embryo ma kahi o 3 mau mahina. Lilo ka larva e kū nei i ʻāpana o ka plankton. Ma hope o 2-3 mau mahina, i ke kauwela Antarctic, iho ka iʻa niho ʻōpio i nā wahi hohonu, a lilo i bathypelagic. I ko lākou ulu ʻana, haku lākou i nā hohonu hohonu. ʻO ka mea hope loa, hoʻomaka ka iʻa niho niho Patagonian e hānai ma 2 km hohonu, ma lalo.
Ua aʻo iki ʻia ke kaʻina hānau o Antarctic toothfish. ʻO ke ʻano o ka huahua ʻana, ka lōʻihi o ka ulu ʻana o ka embryo a me ka neʻe mālie ʻana o nā ʻōpio mai ka wai o luna a hiki i ka benthal e like me ka mea i hana ʻia me ka iʻa niho niho Patagonian. Lōʻihi ke ola o nā ʻano ʻelua. ʻ saylelo nā biologists hiki i nā lāhui Patagonian ke ola i 50 mau makahiki, a me ka Antarctic 35.
Kumukūʻai
Aia i loko o ka ʻiʻo keʻokeʻo o ka iʻa niho kahi pākēneka nui o ka momona a me nā mea āpau a ka holoholona kai i waiwai ai. ʻO ka lākiō kaulike o nā iʻa iʻa iʻa i hana i nā ipu iʻa niho kiʻekiʻe loa i ka ʻono.
Hoʻohui, ka paʻakikī o ka lawaiʻa a me nā palena o ka nui i ka hopu ʻana i ka iʻa. Ma ka hopena kumu kūʻai iʻa niho ke kiʻekiʻe ʻana. Hāʻawi nā hale kūʻai iʻa nui i nā iʻa nihoʻo Patagonian no 3,550 rubles. no kilogram. I ka manawa like, ʻaʻole maʻalahi ka loaʻa ʻana o nā iʻa niho niho ma ke kūʻai aku.
Hāʻawi pinepine ka poʻe kalepa i nā iʻa ʻē aʻe i kapa ʻia he aila, ʻaihao ʻia e like me ka iʻa niho. Nīnau lākou no 1200 rubles. He paʻakikī ia no ka mea kūʻai aku ʻike ʻole e noʻonoʻo i ka mea i mua ona - ka iʻa niho a i ʻole kāna mau mea hoʻohālike: escolar, butterfish. Akā inā kūʻai ʻia ka iʻa niho, ʻaʻohe mea kānalua he huahana maoli ia.
ʻAʻole lākou i aʻo e hānai i nā iʻa niho a ʻaʻole paha e aʻo. No laila, loaʻa ka iʻa i ka iʻa, ke noho nei i kahi kaiaola maʻemaʻe, e ʻai nei i ka meaʻai maoli. Hana ka hana ulu me ka ʻole o nā homone, ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka ʻaoʻao, nā antibiotic a me nā mea like, i hoʻopiha ʻia me nā ʻano iʻa i hoʻopau nui ʻia. ʻIʻo niho niho hiki ke kapa ʻia he huahana o ka ʻono maikaʻi loa a me ka maikaʻi.
Hopu niho niho
I ka mua, ua hopu wale ʻia nā iʻa nihoʻo Patagonian. I ke kenekulia i hala, i nā makahiki 70, ua hopu ʻia nā mea liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi mai ke kahakai o ʻAmelika Hema. Ua piʻi hewa lākou i ka ʻupena. Hana lākou ma ke ʻano he mea paʻa. I ka hopena o ka 1980, ua hopu ʻia nā mea nui i ka lawaiʻa lōʻihi. Ua ʻae ʻia kēia mea i loaʻa e nā lawaiʻa, nā mea kālepa a me nā mea kūʻai aku e mahalo i ka iʻa. Ua hoʻomaka ka ʻimi ʻana i ka iʻa iʻa.
ʻEkolu mau pilikia nui o ka hopu ʻana o ka iʻa iʻa: ʻo ka hohonu hohonu, kahi mamao o ka laulā, ke kū ʻana o ka hau i ka wahi o ka wai. Eia hou, aia nā mea kapu i ka hei ʻana o nā iʻa niho: ʻo ka Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna (CCAMLR) ka mea mana.
Hoʻoponopono pololei ʻia ka lawaiʻa ʻana no ka iʻa niho
ʻO kēlā me kēia moku e holo ana i ka moana no ka iʻa niho me kahi luna nānā mai ke kōmike CCAMLR. ʻO kahi mea nānā, ma nā huaʻōlelo CCAMLR, kahi mea ʻike ʻepekema, he mana ākea kona. Nānā ʻo ia i ka nui o ka iʻa i hopu ʻia a ana i nā ana i koho ʻia. Hoʻomaopopo i ke kāpena ua hoʻokō ʻia ka helu hopu.
Hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā niho niho e nā moku liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi. ʻO ka wahi hopu nui loa ke kai ʻo Ross. Ua kuhi ka poʻe ʻepekema i ka nui o nā iʻa niho niho i loko o kēia wai. Ua lilo wale he 400 tausani mau tona. I ke kauwela Antarctic, hoʻokuʻu ʻia kahi ʻāpana o ke kai mai ka hau. Holo nā moku i ko lākou ala e wehe i ka wai i kahi kaʻa kaʻa ma o ka hau. Hoʻololi maikaʻi ʻole ʻia nā moku lōʻihi e hoʻokele i nā pā hau. No laila, he mea maikaʻi loa kahi huakaʻi i ka lawaiʻa lawaiʻa.
ʻO ka lawaiʻa lōʻihi kahi hana maʻalahi akā hana nui loa. Nā kāʻei - nā kaula lōʻihi me nā lei a me nā lou - e like me ke ʻano o ke aho. Kaha ʻia kahi ʻāpana iʻa a iʻa paha i kēlā me kēia lou. No ka hopu ʻana i nā iʻa niho, hoʻokomo ʻia nā laina lōʻihi i kahi hohonu o 2 km.
He paʻakikī ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i ka laina a laila e hāpai ana i ka hei. ʻOi loa ke noʻonoʻo ʻoe i nā kūlana e hana ai kēia. Hana ʻia uhi ʻia nā kapa i hoʻonoho ʻia e ka ʻauhe hau. Hoʻohuli ka huki ʻana o ka iʻa i mea hihia. Hāpai ʻia kēlā me kēia kanaka ma luna o ka moku e hoʻohana ana i ka makau moku.
Hoʻomaka ka nui o nā iʻa e kūʻai ʻia ana ma kahi o 20 kg. Pāpā ʻia ka poʻe liʻiliʻi mai ka hopu ʻana, wehe ʻia mai nā lou a hoʻokuʻu. Nui, i kekahi manawa, pono ma ka pāpale i kuke ʻia i ka ʻoki ʻia. Ke hiki ka hopu i nā mea paʻa i ke kaupaona i ʻae ʻia, hoʻi nā lawaiʻa a hoʻi nā longliners i nā awa.
ʻIkepili Hoihoi
Ua ʻike ʻo Biologists i ka iʻa niho niho i ka lohi. ʻAʻole i hāʻule koke nā laʻana o ka iʻa i ko lākou mau lima. Ma kahakai o Chile i ka makahiki 1888, ua hopu nā mea ʻimi noiʻi ʻAmelika i ka iʻa niho niho Patagonia mua. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoola ʻia. ʻO kahi paʻi paʻi kiʻi wale nō i koe.
I ka 1911, ua lawe nā lālā o ka Robert Scott Expeditionary Party i ka iʻa niho ʻaka Antarctic mua ma ka mokupuni ʻo Ross. Hāleʻa lākou i kahi sila, hana nui i ka ʻai ʻana i kahi iʻa nui ʻole. Ua kiʻi ʻia nā iʻa kūlohelohe i ka iʻa.
Ua loaʻa i ka niho niho kona inoa waena no nā kumu kalepa. I ka makahiki 1977, ua makemake ʻo Lee Lanz, he kanaka lawaiʻa iʻa, e hoʻonani hou aku i kāna huahana i ka poʻe ʻAmelika, ua kūʻai aku i nā iʻa niho niho ma lalo o ka inoa ʻo ke kai kai ʻo Chile. Paʻa ka inoa a hoʻomaka e hoʻohana ʻia no ka Patagonian, ma hope iki aku, no ka nīneka Antarctic.
I ka makahiki 2000, ua hopu ʻia ka iʻa niho niho Patagonian ma kahi wahi ʻokoʻa loa nona. ʻO Olaf Solker, he lawaiʻa ʻoihana mai nā ʻAilana Paʻa, ua hopu i kahi iʻa nui ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia ma mua o ke kahakai o Greenland. Ua ʻike ʻo Biologists iā ia he niho niho Patagonian. Ua huakaʻi ka iʻa he 10 tausani km. Mai Antarctica a i Greenland.
ʻO kahi ala lōʻihi me kahi pahuhopu hiki ʻole ke hoʻomaopopo ʻia ʻaʻole ia he mea kahaha loa. Hele mamao kekahi iʻa i kahi mamao. ʻO ka Toothfish, ma kekahi ʻano, ua lanakila i ka wai equatorial, ʻoiai ʻaʻole hiki i kona kino ke kūʻē me ke ana wela 11 degere Aia paha he mau anuanu hohonu i ʻae i ka iʻa niho niho Patagonian e hoʻopau i kēia ʻauʻau marathon.
