ʻO Gerbils kahi ʻohana nui mai ka Honua Kahiko. ʻO ia kekahi o nā mea kaulana i ka superfamily nui o nā rodents, Muroidea, kahi i loaʻa nāʻiole, ʻiole, voles, hamsters, gerbil a me nā hoahānau ʻē aʻe. Loaʻa nā lālā o ka ʻohana Gerbillinae i ka like. ʻO ka hapa nui o lākou he diurnal, nā rodents wao akua. ʻO Gerbil - nā koʻokoʻo ʻakaʻaka e noho ana i ka nāhelehele a hoʻololi pono i nā kūlana home. Pehea a ma kahi e noho ai nā ʻōpala, nā mea āpau e pili ana i nā hana o kā lākou hana hou ʻana a me nā ʻike ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ko lākou ola ʻana e hiki ke aʻo ʻia mai kēia mea.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Gerbil
I nā kūpuna 16 e kū nei, aia a hiki i ka 110 mau ʻano gerbil. Pili lākou i ka ʻiole-like a hana i kahi lālā maʻamau me nāʻiole me nā huelo lōʻihi. Hiki iā lākou ke hoʻokaʻawale morphologically mai nā ʻano iole e like me nā hiʻohiʻona i loaʻa. ʻO nā noiʻi kūʻauhau Molecular o kekahi mau ʻāpana o ka mitochondrial a me ka nukle DNA e hōʻoia i ko lākou kūʻokoʻa i kahi kumu a hōʻike he pili pili loa lākou me nāʻiole a he hui kaikuahine o nā Deomiinovs.
Video: ʻO Gerbil
I nā papa ma mua, ua hoʻonohonoho pinepine ʻia nā ʻāpana o Old World ma ke ʻano he ʻohana pili loa iā Hamster a i ʻole nā ʻiole Madagascar a me nā ʻiole murine ʻē aʻe o ʻApelika. ʻO ka pilina pili loa me nā mea iole e like me ka ʻiole, kahi i ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka niho molar, no ka like loa o ke kumu o nā kalaunu molar i nā gerbil a i loko o lākou. Eia nō naʻe, nui nā mōʻalihaku o ka ʻiole kahiko he cusps mandibular hou aʻe i ʻike ʻole ʻia i nā gerbils.
Nui nā maka a me nā maka maikaʻi nā gerbil o kēia au. Hoʻohana lākou i ka auditory, chemicals, a me nā cile tactile e ʻike i ko lākou kaiapuni. Hoʻololi pū kekahi ʻo Rodents i nā kemika me kekahi me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pheromones e hōʻike ai i ke kūlana hānau a me ka nohona. Hōʻike nā kāne kāne i nā kuleana ʻāina e ka ʻāpana scenting mai kā lākou nui gland sebaceous ventral. ʻAʻole noho lōʻihi nā Gerbil ma mua o ʻekolu a ʻehā paha mahina i ka nāhelehele. ʻIke ʻia i ka paʻa pio ʻana, hiki i kekahi mau kānaka ke ola a hiki i ʻewalu mau makahiki.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka gerbil
Heʻuʻuku nā gerbil i nā meheu liʻiliʻi. ʻO ko lākou lōʻihi mai 50 a 200 mm, a ʻo kā lākou huelo mai 56 a 245 mm. Kaupaona nā kānaka mai 10 a 227 gram. ʻOiai i loko o hoʻokahi ʻano, hiki i nā kāne ke kaumaha ma mua o nā wahine i hoʻokahi heluna kanaka a like paha ka nui ma kekahi heluna kanaka ʻē aʻe. He holoholona lōhi lākou me nā māiʻuʻu lōʻihi. Hiki iā lākou ke loaʻa nā pepeiao lōʻihi a pōkole paha. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā gerbil i lauoho lōʻihi me ka hulu maikaʻi a me nā wāwae hope lōʻihi a ʻikiʻiki.
ʻOkoʻa ka hulu kala i ka laulā o nā kala a hiki i ka ʻulaʻula, hina, melemele, pālolo, ʻeleʻele, ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele, ʻalani ʻalani, ʻalani melemele a i ʻole kinamona pinkish ma ka ʻaoʻao dorsal. ʻO ka kino haʻahaʻa he mau māmā māmā kona o ka hina, cream, a keʻokeʻo. Loaʻa i kekahi ʻano i nā kiko keʻokeʻo ma ke poʻo, keu hoʻi ma hope o nā pepeiao.
Loaʻa i nā gerbils kahi ʻano niho o 1/1, 0/0, 0/0, 3/3 = 16, me ka ʻokoʻa o ka genus Desmodilliscus, he ʻelua wale nō ona molara haʻahaʻa ma kēlā me kēia ʻaoʻao. Lahilahi nā papa o ka enamel ma nā incisors i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā meheu ʻē aʻe. Loaʻa i nā Gerbils he 12 thoracic a ʻehiku lumbar vertebrae. Loaʻa i nā wahine he ʻekolu a ʻehā paha mau gland mammary. Hoʻokahi wale nō keʻena i loko o ka ʻōpū. Pili nā gerbils i nāʻiole a me nāʻiole a no ka ʻohana Muridae.
Ma hea e noho ai ka gerbil?
Kiʻi: Gerbil ma Lūkia
ʻO nā kūpeʻe nā koʻokoʻo kahiko o ka Honua. Loaʻa lākou ma loko o ʻApelika a me ka Hikina Waena, ma waena o ʻAsia Waena, me ka hapa nui o India, Kina (me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻole i nā wahi hema a me nā hikina), a me Mongolia hikina. ʻO ko lākou pae mai nā mokupuni he nui ma ka hikina o ke Kaiwaenahonua a me ka ʻākau hikina o Ciscaucasia a i Transbaikalia a me Kazakhstan.
Hoʻokomo ʻia ka laulā o nā gerbil i ʻekolu mau wahi nui:
- i nā savannas o ʻApelika, a ma Namib a me Kalahari, kahi e iho pinepine ai ka mahana hoʻoilo ma lalo o ka ʻole;
- ma nā wao nahele wela a me nā wao akua o ʻApelika a me ka Hikina Waena, a ma ka Horn maloʻo hoʻi o ʻApelika;
- i nā wao nahele, nā wao akua a me nā steppes o ʻAsia, kahi e hāʻule nui ai nā mahana hoʻoilo ma lalo o ka ʻole.
ʻO ka moʻomeheu pākahi no kekahi o kēia mau ʻāpana ʻekolu. Noho ka hapa nui o nā ʻōpala i nā wahi maloʻo, hāmama me nā mea kanu ākea, e like me nā wao akua, nā kula one, nā puʻu, nā lau nahele, a me nā savannahs. Noho pū kekahi mau ʻano i nā ulu lāʻau ʻūlū, nā māla mahiʻai a me nā awāwa mauna.
Hoʻopau pinepine ʻia ka wai ma o ka ʻili, ka hanu, ka mimi, a me nā feces. Noho ka hapa nui o nā gerbil i nā wahi maloʻo me nā aniau paʻakikī a loaʻa ka ʻili o ke kino i maikaʻi ʻole e pili ana i ka nui. Ua kūkulu lākou i nā waiwai i kūpono ʻia e hoʻoliʻiliʻi i ka nalo ʻana o ka wai a pēlā e hōʻemi ai i nā koi o ka wai. ʻAʻole lākou e hou a no laila ʻaʻole hiki ke kū i nā mahana ma luna o 45 ° C no ʻelua mau hola.
I kēia manawa maopopo iā ʻoe kahi o ka gerbil e noho ai. E ʻike kāua i kāna mea e ʻai ai.
He aha ka ʻai a ka gerbil?
Kiʻi: Mouse gerbil
ʻAi nui nā gerbils i nā mea kanu e like me nā ʻanoʻano, nā hua, nā lau, nā kumu, nā aʻa, a me nā tubers. ʻImi nā ʻano nocturnal o nā ʻōpala maoli i nā ʻanoʻano i puhi ʻia e ka makani i ka wao akua. ʻO ka gerbil India wale nō ka lāhui e pono ai ka meaʻai hou i ka makahiki holoʻokoʻa, no laila noho mau ia ma kahi kokoke i nā māla wai. Eia nō naʻe, lawe ka hapa nui o nā laha i nā mea i hiki ke kiʻi ʻia a ʻai i nā mea kolo, nā ʻūlū, nā mea kolo, a me nā meheu ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka mea kikoʻī, hopu nā holoholona i nā wao nahele maloʻo loa o ka hema o ʻApelika i nā mea kolo, a ʻo Wagner's gerbil (G. dasyurus) nā kuahiwi o nā pūpū ʻū.
ʻO nā mea aloha punahele o ka gerbil i:
- nā nati;
- na anoano;
- nā aʻa;
- puʻupuʻu;
- huaʻai;
- mea kanu;
- nā mea kolo;
- hua manu;
- keiki moa
- nā mea kolo;
- mau koʻakoʻo ʻē aʻe.
ʻAi ʻia ka meaʻai i kēia manawa ma ke ʻano he mea mālama. Mālama nā ʻano i nā wahi me nā hoʻoilo anuanu i nā mālama nui i ka wā o ke kūkulu ʻana, hoʻohui lākou ia mea i kahi hohonu o 1 mika. Mālama ʻia kahi nui o nā mea kanu mea kanu i loko o kā lākou mau lua - kekahi manawa a hiki i 60 kg. ʻO nā gerbils nā mea kūʻai mua a me ke kula kiʻekiʻe, a me nā meaʻai no ka nui o nā mea kūʻai aku kiʻekiʻe. Pili lākou i kekahi mau mea kanu a hana nui paha i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka hua.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: Mongolian gerbil
ʻO Gerbils nā poʻe noho ma lalo o ka honua. Hiki i kekahi mau laha ke lele i 3.5 mau mika. Holo wale nā ʻano ʻē aʻe i nā wāwae ʻehā. ʻO ka poʻe e noho ana i nā wahi pōhaku he poʻe piʻi piʻi maikaʻi lākou. No ka hapa nui, he mau koʻokoʻo diurnal nā gerbil, akā he ʻano pō kekahi i kekahi mau ʻano, crepuscular, a i ʻole ka hola.
ʻIke leʻaleʻa: Kūkulu nā ʻōpala i nā lua me hoʻokahi komo a me kahi keʻena pūnana, a i ʻole nā pūnaewele paʻakikī o nā tunnels me nā puka komo a me nā keʻena no ka pūnana ʻana, e mālama ana i ka meaʻai a me nā lepo. Lawe nā ʻōpala i nā ʻauʻau lepo e mālama i ko lākou kapa silky i ke ʻano maikaʻi.
Noho kaʻawale kekahi mau ʻōpala, kūpiki a me ka ʻāina, noho kēlā me kēia i kona lua ponoʻī. Pili ʻē aʻe nā ʻano ʻē aʻe a hana i nā kolone nui, me nā kānaka he nui e noho ana i nā pūnaewele tunnel he ʻumi mika ka lōʻihi a ʻelua a ʻekolu paha mika ka hohonu. Noho kekahi i nā hui ʻohana liʻiliʻi, a pale aku kēlā me kēia hui ʻohana i kāna panalāʻau. Nui ka kamaʻilio ʻana o kekahi mau gerbil ʻoiai lākou i ka pūnana. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa nā Cubs i kekahi i kekahi, alualu kekahi i kekahi, a pāʻani a hakakā me ka wā 18 a 35 mau lā o ko lākou mau makahiki.
Noho mau nā ʻōpala i ka wahi like, ʻoiai hiki i nā ʻōpio ke hele i loko o kahi wā nomadic i ko lākou ola a hiki i ka wā e hoʻokumu ai lākou i kahi home mau, a neʻe kekahi mau ʻano i ka wā maloʻo. ʻAʻole lākou e hibernate no ka hoʻoilo, akā ma kekahi mau wahi ʻike lākou i nā lōʻihi o ka numbness i ka hoʻoilo a noho i loko o kā lākou lua, e hānai ana i nā meaʻai i mālama ʻia no kekahi mau mahina.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: He ʻāpana gerbil
I ka wā o ka moʻo ʻana, hana nā plug cop copulate i nā wahi hānau o nā wahine, ka mea e pale ai i ka male ʻana ma hope. Hāpai kekahi mau ʻōpala i ka makahiki holoʻokoʻa, ʻoiai hānau kekahi i kekahi manawa. Hiki i nā wahine o ka hapa nui ke hana i mau litters i kēlā me kēia makahiki. Hoʻomaopopo kekahi i ka estrus postpartum a hoʻopaneʻe i ka implantation, no laila e hoʻomaka ai ka ulu ʻana o ka lepo hou ke ukuhi ʻia ka mua. ʻO nā wā hānau, inā ʻaʻole hānai ka wahine, ʻekolu a ʻehā mau pule i hala.
Loaʻa nā nui o ka ʻōpala mai 1 a 13, ʻoiai ʻo nā litters 4 a 7 ʻoi aku ka maʻamau. Hānau ʻōpio ʻōpio wale nā ʻōlohelohe a makapō. Hoʻomaka ka ulu o ka hulu ma waena o 8 a me 13 mau lā ma hope o ka hānau ʻana, a uhi piha ʻia lākou me ka huluhulu ma hope o 13-16 mau lā. Wehe nā maka i ʻelua a ʻekolu paha pule ma hope o ka hānau ʻana. Hiki i nā ʻōpio ke hele wāwae a lele wikiwiki ma hope o ʻekolu pule paha. I hoʻokahi mahina o ka makahiki, ua ukuhi ʻia nā keiki a lilo i kūʻokoʻa. Hiki lākou i ke oʻo ma 10-16 mau pule.
ʻIke leʻaleʻa: Mālama nā makuahine i kā lākou pēpē ma ka palu ʻana i nā lālā hope o nā hānau hou e hoʻonāukiuki iā lākou e hana i ka mimi a me nā feces, a laila pau.
Mālama nā ʻōpala wahine i kā lākou ʻōpio a hiki i ko lākou kokoke i 30 mau lā. ʻIke ʻia e neʻe nā makuahine gerbil i kā lākou ʻōpio i nā pūnana hou i nā manawa he nui i nā lā mua ma hope o ka hānau ʻana, a hoʻololi hoʻi i nā lua ma waena o nā litters. Ke waiho lākou i nā keiki i ka pūnana e hele i waho no ka meaʻai, uhi lākou i kekahi manawa i kā lākou pua me ka mauʻu a me ke one a pale i ka puka komo pūnana. Hāpai nā wahine i kā lākou mau keiki ma ka ʻuwī ʻana iā lākou me ko lākou waha.
Ke hoʻomaka nei ka neʻe ʻana o ka poʻe ʻōpio, hopu ʻo nā makuahine iā lākou i nā huelo a huki iā lākou iā lākou iho, a laila hoʻihoʻi iā lākou i ka pūnana. Kū lākou i ka ʻohi ʻana i kā lākou keiki i ka makahiki 17 a 23 paha. Mālama nā makuahine Gerbil i kā lākou litters a hele lākou i waho i kā lākou iho. Mālama nā kāne o kekahi ʻano i ka lepo i ke ala like me nā wahine.
ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o nā kūpeʻe
Kiʻi: Gerbil
ʻAʻohe o nā preders ka nui o nā kūpaka i ko lākou wahi maoli. ʻImi nui ʻia lākou e nā moʻo, pueo, a me nā mea hānai liʻiliʻi, ʻo nā mea ʻaihue āpau i ʻoi aku iā lākou i ka nui. I mea e hoʻoweliweli aku ai i ka mea hoʻouka kaua mai ke komo ʻana i kā lākou mau lua, mālama kekahi mau ʻūpā i nā puka komo me ke one. Hoʻopili kekahi i nā ala e pakele ai i kā lākou ʻōnaehana burrow kahi e hiki ai iā lākou ke peʻe inā hoʻouka ʻia i ke ākea. Hoʻohui ʻia, loaʻa i nā gerbil kahi kapa waihoʻoluʻu kūlike ʻole e lawelawe ʻia me he camouflage a kōkua iā lākou e hui pū me kahi one a i ʻole pōhaku.
ʻIʻike ʻia nā predators no ka ʻimi ʻana i nā ʻōpala:
- nahesa;
- pueo;
- māmala hoʻolauna.
Palapala ʻia nā gerbils e kekahi mau ʻano kūleʻa, e like me:
- xenopsylla cumulus;
- xenopsylla debilis;
- difficilis xenopsylla.
Manaʻo ʻia kekahi mau ʻōpala i nā mea ʻino i loko o kā lākou pae kūlohelohe no ka mea luku lākou i nā mea kanu, hōʻino i nā pilau a me nā ʻōnaehana hoʻohawai wai ma o ka ʻeli ʻana a hoʻolaha ʻana i ka maʻi bubonic No laila, luku ʻia lākou e ka poʻe i ko lākou wahi maoli. Aia kekahi hopohopo e holo aku nā ʻōpala kūloko a hana i nā heluna hihiu e ʻākoakoa i nā koʻokoʻo ʻōiwi.
ʻIke hoihoi: Ke hoʻouka nei i kahi gerbil, ua like ia me kahi moʻo e hiki ke hoʻolei i kāna huelo, akā ʻaʻole ulu kēia rodent i kahi huelo hou e like me ka mea kolo.
ʻO nā Gerbil, ʻoi aku hoʻi nā maiuu, he mau holoholona maʻemaʻe loa e maʻalahi e mālama a maʻalahi e hānai i ka pio. No kēia mau kumu, hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau koʻokoʻo i nā hale hana he nui no ka noiʻi olakino, physiological a me ka noʻonoʻo. He mau holoholona aloha pū kekahi lākou.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka gerbil
Ma muli o ka nohona o ka honua, paʻakikī e hoʻoholo i ka nui maoli o ka heluna kanaka o kēia koʻokoʻo. Hoʻoweliweli ʻia kekahi mau ʻano gerbil ma muli o ka hoʻopili ʻana o ke kanaka i ko lākou wahi noho. Noho ka hapa nui o nā holoholona i nā wahi kanaka ʻole, ʻo nā poʻe ʻē aʻe i manaʻo hapa ʻia he pests no ka mea luku lākou i nā mea kanu mahiʻai, a hoʻopōʻino pū kekahi lākou i nā hanana mahiʻai. No laila, hakakā nā mahiʻai iā lākou e ka lāʻau ʻino a i ʻole ka palau ʻana i kā lākou ʻōnaehana hale.
Ma ke ʻano he hoʻokipa no nā ʻutu, hoʻolaha ka gerbil i nā maʻi e like me ka maʻi ahulau a halihali i ka leishmaniasis weliweli. ʻO nā helu kiʻekiʻe loa o ka maʻi leishmaniasis e ʻike ʻia i ka hāʻule. Aia he 5.8% o nā gerbil i ʻike ʻia i maʻi ʻia me ka L. nui wale, a me 23.1% o Leishmania turanica. ʻIke ʻia ka maʻi kūlohelohe i nā rodents me L. major a me L. turanica (21.2%). Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, manaʻo ʻia ka ʻiʻo gerbil momona he mea ʻono ma kekahi mau wahi. Hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano he nui e nā kānaka ma ke ʻano he holoholona hoʻokolohua i loko o nā keʻena hoʻokolohua, ʻoiai ua lilo nā mea ʻē aʻe i mau holoholona aloha ʻole me ke kaumaha ʻole o ke ola.
ʻO nā kumu no ka makemake ʻia o nā gerbil e like me nā holoholona.
- ʻaʻole kolohe nā holoholona;
- ʻaʻohe nahu me ka hoʻonāukiuki ʻole a me ke koʻikoʻi ʻole;
- liʻiliʻi lākou a maʻalahi hoʻi e lawelawe;
- nā mea ola leʻaleʻa loa e ʻoluʻolu i ka hui o nā kānaka a me nā gerbil ʻē aʻe.
Ua hoʻopili nā Gerbils i kā lākou mau puʻupuʻu e hana i nā ʻōpala liʻiliʻi e mālama i nā wai o ke kino, e hoʻomaʻemaʻe loa a ʻaneʻane ʻaʻohe ʻaʻala. Noho kekahi mau lālā o ka genus Lesser gerbils i ka nahele hihiu ma Lūkia, e like me ka gerbil awakea (M. meridianus). I ka hōʻuluʻulu, aia he 110 mau ʻano gerbil e pili ana iā 14 genera.
Ka pale ʻana i nā ʻōiwi
Kiʻi: Gerbil mai ka puke ʻulaʻula
I kēia manawa, ua hoʻohui ʻia he 35 mau ʻano gerbil i loko o ka Red Book e like me nā lāhui ʻane pau ʻole. Loaʻa iā ia hoʻokahi ʻano (Meriones chengi), kahi i loko o ke kūlana koʻikoʻi a hoʻoweliweli ʻia e hoʻopau loa. A ʻehā mau ʻano ʻaneʻane nō hoʻi e hoʻoweliweli i ke ʻano (M. arimalius, M. dahli, M. sacrameta, M. zarudnyi).
Hoʻohui ʻia aia he mau ʻano ʻelua nāwaliwali (dwarf gerbils hesperinus a me andersoni allenbyi), kahi kokoke i nā mea ʻaneʻane make (dwarf gerbils hoogstraali), hoʻokahi ma ka ʻaoʻao haʻahaʻa (dwarf gerbils poecilops), a me 26 mau ʻano me ka ʻikepili ʻole. Pono ka noiʻi ʻepekema e hoʻokumu i ke kūlana o kēlā ʻano laha e pili ana i kahi ʻike iki.
Mea leʻaleʻa: ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia ka helu kikoʻī o nā laha. ʻIke pinepine nā ʻokoʻa i ʻike ʻia ma loko o ka genera a hōʻike ʻia i ka ʻahu a me ke kala o ke kui, ka lōʻihi o ka huelo, a i ʻole ka hemo a i ʻole ke kū ʻana o kahi kāki huelo. ʻOiai ʻo ka hāʻawi ʻana o kahi laha i kahi genus ʻaʻole hiki ke loaʻa i kekahi manawa me ka ʻole o chromosomal, protein a me ka noiʻi mole.
Kūʻai ʻia nā gerbils o nā ʻano like ʻole i kēia manawa i nā hale kūʻai holoholona a puni nā wahi, kahi hopena o nā makahiki he nui o ka hoʻoulu koho ʻana. Aia ma kahi o 20 mau waihoʻoluʻu hulu ʻokoʻa ka Mongolian gerbil, i hānai ʻia i ka pio ʻana ma mua o nā laha ʻē aʻe. I kēia mau lā, ua hoʻolauna ʻia mai kekahi ʻanoʻano o nā gerbil i loko o ke kālepa pet: ʻo ka gerbil huelo momona.
Heʻuʻuku ia ma mua o nā gerbil Mongolian a he lōʻihi, palule kona kapa a me kahi huelo mānoanoa, mānoanoa, e like me ka hamster. ʻO nā kiko keʻokeʻo kokoke i nā pepeiao i loaʻa ʻaʻole wale ma ka gerbil Mongolian, akā i ka gerbil mae. ʻO ka hoʻololi lōʻihi lauoho a me ke keʻokeʻo kahi i ʻike ʻia i loko o kēia ʻano - ʻApelika gerbilola kēlā i nā huelo keʻokeʻo bushy.
Ka lā paʻi: 03.09.2019
Lā hou: 23.08.2019 ma 22:39
