ʻAlā lepo, no ka ʻohana Scarabaceous a me ka subfamily o scarabins, i kapa ʻia hoʻi ka nalo lepo, he pepelu e hana i ka manure i loko o kahi pōpō e hoʻohana ana i kona poʻo scapular a me nā antennae e like me ka hoe. I kekahi mau ʻano, hiki i ka kinipōpō ke like me ka ʻāpala. I ke kauwela kau, kanu ke ʻōpala i loko o kahi pola a hānai iā ia. Ma hope i ke kau, hoʻomoe ka wahine i nā hua i loko o nā kinipōpō o ka lepo, a laila ʻai ʻia e nā larva.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: nalo lepo
Ua ulu aʻe nā nalo lepo ma kahi o 65 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei e like me ka emi ʻana o nā dinosau a ulu nui aʻe nā mammal (a me kā lākou lepo). Ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, aia ma kahi o 6,000 mau ʻano, paʻa i ka tropics, kahi e hānai nui ai lākou i ka lepo o nā vertebrates terrestrial.
ʻO ka scarab laʻa o ʻAigupita kahiko (Scarabaeus libr), i loaʻa i nā kiʻi pena a me nā mea hoʻonani he nui, he nalo lepo. I ka cosmogony o ʻAigupita, aia kahi ʻalā scarab e ʻōwili nei i kahi kinipōpō a me kahi pōpō e hōʻike ana i ka Honua a me ka Lā. ʻO nā lālā ʻeono, ʻo kēlā me kēia me ʻelima ʻāpana (30 i ka huina), e hōʻike ana he 30 mau lā o kēlā me kēia mahina (ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻehā wale nō ʻāpana o kēia ʻano ma kona mau wāwae, akā ʻelima nā ʻāpana pili.
Video: ʻEleu lepo
ʻO kahi lālā hoihoi o kēia ʻohana ʻo Aulacopris maximus, kekahi o nā lā nui o nā nalo lepo i loaʻa ma ʻAukekulia, a hiki i ka 28 mm ka lōʻihi.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: ʻO nā scarabs India Heliocopris a me kekahi mau ʻano Catharsius e hana i nā pōpō nunui nunui a uhi iā lākou me kahi pālolo e maloʻo; ua manaʻo ʻia he mau pūkuniahi pōhaku kahiko ia.
ʻO nā lālā o nā ʻohana ʻē aʻe o nā scarabs (Aphodiinae a me Geotrupinae) i kapa ʻia hoʻi he mauʻu ʻala. Eia naʻe, ma kahi o ka hana ʻana i nā pōpō, ʻeli lākou i ke keʻena ma lalo o ka puʻu o ka manure, i hoʻohana ʻia i ka wā o ka hānai ʻana a i ʻole no ka mālama ʻana i nā hua. Liʻiliʻi nā pulu ʻāpana Aphodian (4 a 6 mm) a ʻeleʻele mau me nā kiko melemele.
ʻO ka pīpī lepo Geotrupes ma kahi o 14 a 20 mm ka lōʻihi a ʻeleʻele a ʻeleʻele i ke kala. ʻO Geotrupes stercorarius, ka mea i ʻike ʻia ʻo ka beetle dung maʻamau, he ʻāʻī lepo ʻEulopa maʻamau.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka nalo lepo
Hoʻopuni pinepine nā nalo lepo me nā ʻēheu pokole (elytra) e hōʻike ana i ka hopena o ko lākou ʻōpū. Kūlike lākou i ka nui mai 5 a 30 mm a ʻeleʻele i ke kala, ʻoiai he sheen metallic kekahi. I nā ʻano he nui, loaʻa i nā kāne ka pepeiaohao lōhiu pelekena ma ko lākou poʻo. Hiki i nā nalo lepo ke ʻai hou aʻe i ko lākou kaumaha i 24 mau hola a manaʻo ʻia he pōmaikaʻi i nā kānaka ke wikiwiki lākou i ke kaʻina o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka manure i nā mea i hoʻohana ʻia e nā meaola ʻē aʻe.
He "mea kaua" kāhāhinu nā ʻōpala lepo, ma nā poʻo a i ʻole ka thorax a nā kāne e hoʻohana ai e hakakā. He spurs lākou ma ko lākou mau wāwae hope i mea e kōkua ai iā lākou e ʻōwili i nā pōpō lepo, a maikaʻi nā wāwae mua ikaika no ka hākōkō a me ka ʻeli ʻana.
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā beetle lepo he fliers ikaika ia, me nā ʻeheu lele lōʻihi i pelu ʻia ma lalo o nā ʻēheu waho paʻakikī (elytra) a hiki ke huakaʻi i mau mile i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka lepo kūpono. Me ke kōkua o nā antennas kūikawā, hiki iā lākou ke honi i ka manure mai ka lewa.
Hiki iā 'oe ke pahu aku i kahi pōpō liʻiliʻi o ka lepo hou e kau ana i nā manawa he 50 i ke kaumaha o kekahi pīpī lepo. Pono ka beetles lepo i ka ikaika kūikawā, ʻaʻole wale e pahu i nā pōpō lepo, akā e pale aku hoʻi i nā kāne hoʻokūkū kāne.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: Hele ka moʻolelo ikaika i ka pīpī lepo Onthphagus taurus, ka mea kū i ka ukana i kūlike i 1141 mau manawa i kona kino iho. Pehea e hoʻohālikelike ai kēia i nā hana a ke kanaka i ka ikaika? Me he kāne lā e huki ana i 80 mau tona.
Ma hea e noho ai ka nalo lepo?
Kiʻi: ʻūlū lepo ma Lūkia
ʻO ka ʻohana ākea o nā nalo lepo (Geotrupidae) ma kahi o 250 mau ʻano ʻokoʻa i loaʻa a puni ka hona honua. Ma kahi o 59 mau ʻano e noho nei i ʻEulopa. Noho ka nalo lepo i nā ululāʻau, nā māla a me nā kula. Hōʻalo lākou i nā aniau maloʻo a ʻūlū loa hoʻi, ʻo ia ke kumu e loaʻa ai i nā aniau subtropical a me temperate.
ʻIke ʻia nā nalo lepo ma nā ʻāina āpau koe ʻo Antarctica.
E noho pū nō hoʻi i nā wahi aʻe:
- ʻāina mahiʻai;
- nahele;
- nāhelehele;
- papu;
- i nā wahi neoneo.
ʻIke pinepine ʻia lākou i nā ana hohonu, e hānai ana i ka lepo o ka ʻōpeʻapeʻa a huli i nā holoholona invertebrata nunui e holoholo ana i nā ala pouli a me nā paia.
Hoʻohana ka hapa nui o nā nalo lepo i ka huna lepo o nā lāpuna, ʻaʻole ʻai pono i ka meaʻai. Aia i loko o kā lākou manure ka mauʻu semi-digmed a me ka wai hohono. ʻO kēia wai kēia e ʻai ai nā nalo beetles. ʻO kekahi o lākou he ʻupu waha kūikawā i hoʻolālā ʻia e omo i kēia supona momona, i piha i nā microorganism i hiki i nā beetles ke ʻeli.
ʻAi kekahi mau mea i ka lepo o nā holoholona, a ʻo kekahi e lele iā ia a ʻai i nā ʻalalā, nā ʻai, a me nā lau pala a me nā huaʻai. He mea nui ke ola o ka manure no nā nalo lepo. Inā ua moe ka manure a lawa ka maloʻo, ʻaʻole hiki i nā nalo ke omo i ka meaʻai e pono ai. Hoʻokahi o nā noi ma ʻApelika Hema i ʻike i ka waiho ʻana o nā nalo lepo i mau hua i ka wā ua ua nui aʻe ka wai o ka wai.
He aha ka ʻai a ka nalo lepo?
Kiʻi: Pepelu nalo lepo
ʻO nā nalo lepo he mau kolo kope, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻai lākou i ka excrement o nā meaola ʻē aʻe. ʻOiai ʻaʻole hānai wale nā nalo lepo i ka lepo, hana lākou āpau i kekahi manawa i ko lākou ola.
Makemake ka hapanui e hānai i ka palu mauʻu, ʻo ia ka mea kanu nui ʻole ʻia, ma mua o ka ʻōpala karnivore, kahi mea ʻai liʻiliʻi loa no nā mea kolo.
ʻO ka noiʻi hou ma ke Kulanui o Nebraska e hōʻike ana i ka excrement omnivorous ka mea e huki ai i ka beetles dung no ka mea hāʻawi ia i ka waiwai nutritional a me ka nui kūpono o ka pilau e loaʻa maʻalahi. ʻO lākou nā mea ʻai palaualelo, e ʻohiʻohi i nā nui o ka manure a hoʻokaʻawale iā lākou i nā huna liʻiliʻi, 2-70 microns i ka nui (1 micron = 1/1000 millimeter).
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: Pono nā meaola āpau i ka nitrogen e kūkulu i nā protein e like me ka mākala. Loaʻa nā nalo lepo iā lākou mai ka lepo. Ma ka ʻai ʻana iā ia, hiki i nā ʻōpala ʻūlū ke koho i nā hunaola mai ka paia ʻōpū o ka herbivore nāna i hana. He kumu waiwai waiwai ʻo ia i ka protein.
Hōʻike ka noiʻi hou e pili ana ka momona a me ka maʻi kō i nā kānaka i kā mākou mau microbiome ʻōpū. Hiki i nā nalo lepo ke hoʻohana i ko lākou ʻōpū microbiome e kōkua iā lākou e ʻeli i nā mea paʻakikī o ka lepo.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: Pōpō o ka nalo lepo
Pūʻulu ʻepekema pūʻulu palu e ka pehea e ola ai lākou:
- hana nā ʻoloka i kahi manure liʻiliʻi i loko o kahi puʻupuʻu, ʻōwili a kanu iā ia. Hoʻohana ʻia nā kinipōpō e ka wahine e hoʻomoe i nā hua (i kapa ʻia ka pōpō fuzz) a i ʻole he meaʻai na nā mākua;
- pae nā tunnels ma kahi wahi o ka manure a ʻeli wale i loko o ka pā, kanu i kekahi o ka manure;
- ʻoluʻolu ka poʻe noho e noho ma luna o ka manure e hoʻomoe i nā hua a hānai i kā lākou keiki.
ʻO nā kaua ma waena o nā ʻolokaʻa, e kau nei ma luna a pili pinepine i nā mea ʻoi aku ma mua o ʻelua mau pepeke wale nō, he mau hakakā chaotic me nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole. ʻAʻole lanakila mau nā lanakila nui loa. No laila, ʻaʻole pono ka hoʻopukapuka ʻana i ka ikehu i ke ulu ʻana i nā mea kaua o ke kino e like me nā pepeiaohao.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: 90% o nā nalo ʻūlū e ʻeli pono i nā tunnels ma lalo o ka lepo a hana i kahi pūnana ma lalo o ka honua mai nā pōpō brood a lākou e waiho ai i kā lākou mau hua. ʻAʻole ʻoe e ʻike iā lākou ke ʻole ʻoe mākaukau e ʻeli i ka manure.
Ma ka lima ʻē aʻe, lawe nā ʻolokaʻa i kā lākou makana i ka ʻili o ka lepo. Hoʻohana lākou i nā hōʻailona lani e like me ka lā a me ka mahina paha e noho mamao aku i nā mea hoʻokūkū e ʻaihue i kā lākou baluna. I kahi lā wela i ke Kalahari, hiki i ka pae o ka lepo ke piʻi i 60 ° C, ʻo ia ka make no kekahi holoholona i hiki ʻole ke kaohi i ka mahana o kona kino.
Liʻiliʻi nā beetle lepo, a pēlā nō ko lākou mahuahua wela. No laila, wela koke lākou. I mea e wela ʻole ai, ke ʻōwili nei lākou i kā lākou mau baluna ma lalo o ka lā o ke awakea e ʻaʻā ana, piʻi lākou i ka piko o ka baluna e hoʻomaʻalili no kahi manawa ma mua o ka heʻe ʻana i ke one i nā ala wela e ʻimi ai i ka malu. ʻAe kēia iā lākou e ʻōwili hou aʻe ma mua o ka hoʻi ʻana i ka pōpō.
I kēia manawa ʻike ʻoe pehea e ʻōwili ai ka nalo lepo i ka pōpō. E nānā pehea e hana hou ai kēia ʻenekini.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: scarab beetle lepo
ʻO ka hapanui o nā ʻano nalo ʻāpala e hānau ma nā mahina mahana o ka puna, ke kauwela a me ka hāʻule. Ke hāpai a wili paha nā ʻōpala lepo i ka lepo, hana nui lākou pēlā e hānai i kā lākou keiki. Hāʻawi ʻia nā pūnana nalo lepo me ka meaʻai, a kau ka wahine i kēlā me kēia hua manu i kāna sausage lepo lepo. Ke kū mai ka larvae, lako pono lākou i ka meaʻai, e ʻae iā lākou e hoʻopau i kā lākou ulu ʻana i kahi nohona palekana.
E loli ana ka ʻuhane i ʻekolu mau hoʻololi cutanesty a hiki i ka pae pupal. Hoʻomohala ʻia nā larvae kāne i mau kāne kāne nui a makua paha e like me ka nui o ka manure i loaʻa iā lākou i nā wā larval.
Hiki i kekahi mau lūlū ʻōpala lepo ke ola i nā kūlana maikaʻi ʻole, e like me ka maloʻo, kūlia a me ka hana ʻole no kekahi mau mahina. Hoʻoulu ka Pupae i mau nalo lepo lepo makua, i haki mai ka pōpō lepo a ʻeli iā lākou i luna. E lele nā mākua i hana hou ʻia i ka cushion lepo hou a hoʻomaka hou ka hana holoʻokoʻa.
ʻO nā nalo lepo kekahi o nā hui ʻelala i hāʻawi i ka mālama makua no kā lākou keiki. I ka hapanui o nā hihia, hoʻomaha nā kuleana makua me ka makuahine, nāna e kūkulu i ka pūnana a hāʻawi i ka meaʻai na kāna keiki. Akā i kekahi ʻano, pili like nā mākua ʻelua i kekahi kekele o nā kuleana mālama keiki. I loko o nā nalo lepo Copris a me Ontophagus, hana pū ke kāne a me ka wahine e ʻeli i ko lāua mau pūnana. ʻO kekahi mau nalo ʻūlū lepo e pālua i hoʻokahi manawa no ke ola holoʻokoʻa.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe o nā nalo ʻōpala
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka nalo lepo
ʻO kekahi mau loiloi e pili ana i ka hana a me ke kaiaola o ka nalo lepo (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), a me nā hōʻike noiʻi he nui, e hōʻike a kuhikuhi ʻole paha i ka predation e nā nalo ʻōpala he mea liʻiliʻi a ʻaʻole paha a no laila he mea liʻiliʻi a ʻaʻohe mea nui paha no ka biology o ka hui. ...
Hōʻike kēia loiloi i nā moʻolelo he 610 o ka predation na nā piʻo dung mai nā ʻano 409 o nā manu, nā māmala, nā mea kolo a me nā amphibians mai ka honua holoʻokoʻa. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka pili ʻana o nā invertebrates ma ke ʻano he predators of beetles dung. Hoʻoholo ʻia e hoʻokumu kēia mau ʻikepili i ka predation ma ke ʻano he mea nui i ka evolution a me nā hana o kēia ao a me nā kaolaola o nā nalo lepo. Hōʻike ʻia ka ʻikepili i hōʻike ʻia i kahi underestimation nui o ka predation o ka hui.
E hakakā pū nā nalo lepo me ko lākou mau hoahānau ma luna o nā kinipōpō lepo, a lākou e hana ai e hānai ai a i ʻole lawelawe ai ma ke ʻano he mea moekolohe. ʻO kahi mahana o ka umauma kiʻekiʻe e hoʻokani i kahi kuleana i kēia mau hoʻokūkū. ʻO ka nui o ka haʻalulu o ka nalo e mahana ai, ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mahana o nā mākala o nā wāwae e pili ana i nā mākala lele i ka umauma, a ʻo ka wikiwiki o kona mau wāwae e neʻe, e ʻohiʻohi i nā ʻōpala i loko o nā pōpō a ʻolokaʻa hou iā ia.
No laila kōkua ʻo Endothermia i ke kaua no ka meaʻai a hoʻemi i ka lōʻihi o ka launa pū ʻana me nā mea ʻino. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka beetles wela ka lima o luna i ka hoʻokūkū no nā pōpō lepo i hana ʻia e nā pēpē ʻē aʻe; i nā kaua no nā kinipopo puʻupuʻu, lanakila mau ka nalo wela, pinepine me ka nui ʻole o ka nui.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: ʻōwili i ka pōpō lepo
ʻO ka heluna kānaka o nā nalo lepo ma kahi o 6,000 mau ʻano. Aia i loko ke kaiaolaola nā ʻano lōkahi o nā nalo ʻōpala, no laila hiki ke kiʻekiʻe i ka hoʻokūkū no ka lepo a hōʻike i nā ʻano ʻokoʻa like ʻole e hiki ai ke hoʻopaʻa i ka lepo no ka hānai ʻana a me ka hana hou ʻana. I ka wā e hiki mai ana, ʻaʻole makaʻu ka make o ka ʻōpala lepo.
ʻO nā nalo lepo ka mea lawelawe i ka mana. Ma ke kanu ʻana i ka lepo o nā holoholona, hoʻomālama a mālama nā beetles i ka lepo a kōkua i ke kaohi i ka heluna lehulehu. Ke hoʻolei nei ka bipi kūloko he 10 a 12 paha i ka manure i ka lā, a hiki i kēlā me kēia ʻāpana ke hana i 3,000 mau lele i loko o ʻelua pule. Ma nā ʻāpana o Texas, kanu nā ʻālia lepo ma kahi o 80% o ka lepo pipi. Inā ʻaʻole lākou, e paʻakikī ka mānoanoa, e make nā mea kanu, a lilo ka ʻāina i wahi pā ʻole, pilau e hoʻopiha ʻia me nā nalo.
Ma Australia, ʻaʻole hiki i nā beetles lepo kūloko ke mālama me nā tona o ka lepo i waiho ʻia e nā holoholona i nā kula hānai, kahi i piʻi nui ai ka poʻe lele. ʻO nā nalo ʻūlū ʻApelika, e ulu pono ana ma nā kula ākea, i lawe ʻia mai i Australia e kōkua me nā puʻu ʻōpala ulu e ulu nei a i kēia lā ke ulu pono nei nā rangelands me nā lehulehu lele i lalo o ka kaohi.
ʻAlā lepo hana pololei i ka mea a kona inoa i ʻōlelo ai e pili ana iā ia: hoʻohana ʻo ia i kāna lepo ponoʻī a i ʻole nā holoholona ʻē aʻe i kekahi mau ʻano ʻokoʻa. Lele kēia mau nalo pīhoihoi e ʻimi i ka lepo o nā lau nahele e like me nā bipi a me nā ʻelepani. Ua mahalo nui ko ʻAigupita kahiko i ka nalo lepo, i ʻike ʻia ʻo ka scarab (mai kā lākou inoa ʻauhau ʻauhau ʻo Scarabaeidae). Manaʻoʻiʻo lākou ka pōpō lepo e hoʻopuni ai i ka honua.
Ka lā paʻi: 08.08.2019
Lā hou: 09/29/2019 ma 10:42
