ʻO Guanaco - ka mammal herbivorous nui loa o ʻAmelika Hema mai ka ʻohana kāmelo, ke kūpuna o ka lama, i mālama ʻia ma mua o 6 tausani mau makahiki i hala e ka poʻe Quechua Indians. ʻO ia ka laha maʻamau o ka ʻohana kamelo ma ʻAmelika Hema. Ua noho lākou ma ka ʻāina nui ma mua o ʻelua miliona mau makahiki. Inā makemake ʻoe e ʻike hou aʻe e pili ana i kēia holoholona kupaianaha, e nānā i kēia wahi.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Guanaco
ʻO ka guanaco (Lama guanicoe) ("Wanaku" ma Paniolo) kahi kamele mamele e noho ana ma ʻAmelika Hema e pili pono ana i ka llama. ʻO kona inoa mai ka ʻōlelo a ka poʻe India Quechua. ʻO kēia nā huaʻōlelo ʻo huanaco i ko lākou ʻano ma mua, ke ʻano o ka pela ʻana o kēia wā me wanaku). Kapa ʻia nā guanacos ʻōpio ʻo gulengos.
He ʻehā mau kau inoa i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ʻo Guanaco:
- l. g. guanicoe;
- l. cacsilensis;
- l. voglii;
- l. huanacus.
I ka makahiki 1553, ua wehewehe mua ʻia ka holoholona e ka mea hoʻopio Sepania ʻo Cieza de Leon i kāna opus The Chronicle o Peru. ʻO nā mea i ʻike ʻia o ke kenekulia 19 i hāʻawi ʻia i ka ʻike i loko o ka nui Paleogene fauna o ʻAmelika ʻĀkau i hala loa, ka mea i kōkua e hoʻomaopopo i ka mōʻaukala mua o ka ʻohana kamela. ʻO ka genus o nā lamas, me ka guanaco, ʻaʻole i kaupalena ʻia i ʻAmelika Hema. Ua loaʻa nā koena holoholona i nā sediment Pleistocene ma ʻAmelika Hema. ʻO kekahi o nā kūpuna mōʻalihaku o nā guanacos i ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o kā lākou ʻano o kēia manawa.
Video: ʻO Guanaco
Nui nā ʻano i koe ma ʻAmelika Hema i ka wā Ice Ice. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā kāmelo ʻAmelika ʻĀkau i hoʻokahi ʻano genep, Hemiauchenia, like me Tanupolama. He ʻano ia o nā kāmelo i hoʻomohala ʻia ma ʻAkau ʻAmelika i ka wā o ka Miocene ma kahi o 10 miliona mau makahiki i hala. ʻO nā holoholona pēlā i maʻa mau i nā holoholona o ka hema o ʻAmelika ʻAkau 25,000 mau makahiki i hala. Ua ʻike ʻia nā holoholona e like me ke kamelo mai nā ʻano lā piha o ka wā i hoʻi mai ma o nā ʻano Miocene mua.
Ua hele a laulaha ko lākou ʻano, a ua nalo ka poʻe i hoʻokaʻawale iā lākou mai nā kāmelo ma mua. ʻAʻole i loaʻa nā mōʻī o nā ʻano ʻano like i loko o ka Old World, e hōʻike ana ʻo ʻAmelika ʻĀkau ka home kumu o nā kāmelo a ʻo nā kāmela Kahiko o ka Honua i hele i ka uwapo ma luna o ka Bering Isthmus ʻO ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka Isthmus o Panama i ʻae i nā kāmelo e hoʻolaha aku i ʻAmelika Hema. Ua pio nā kāmelo ʻAmelika ʻAkau ma ka hopena o ka Pleistocene.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka guanaco
E like me nā kāmelo āpau, he ʻāʻihi lōʻihi a wīwī ko nā guanacos a me nā wāwae lōʻihi. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o nā mākua he 90 a 130 cm ma nā poʻohiwi a me ke kino o 90 a 140 kg, me nā mea liʻiliʻi loa i loaʻa ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o Peru a ʻo ka mea nui ma ka hema o Chile. ʻO ka pale mai ke kukui a i ka ʻulaʻula-ʻeleʻele i ke kala me nā keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo ma ka umauma, ʻōpū a me nā wāwae a me ke kala hina a ʻeleʻele poʻo poʻo. ʻOiai like ka nui o ka helehelena o ka holoholona i nā lehulehu āpau, ʻokoʻa iki ke kala ākea ma muli o ka ʻāina. ʻAʻohe dimorphism moekolohe i ka nui a i ʻole ke kala o ke kino, ʻoiai ua hoʻonui nui nā kāne i nā canine.
He liʻiliʻi nā poʻo o ke Kāmelo, ʻaʻohe pepeiaohao, a me ka lehelehe luna i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā kāmelo ʻAmelika Hema mai kā lākou mau ʻaoʻao o ka Old World ma ka loaʻa ʻole o kahi puʻupuʻu, ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi a me nā wāwae lahilahi. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā guanacos ma mua o nā alpacas a ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o nā vicuñas, akā ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi a ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o nā llamas. I nā guanacos a me nā llamas, ua paʻa nā aʻa o lalo i nā aʻa paʻa, a ua hoʻopili ʻia nā papa labial a me nā lingual o kēlā me kēia kalaunu. ʻO Vicuñas a me nā alpacas he lōʻihi a ulu mau i nā incisors.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: He ʻili mānoanoa ko Guanacos ma ko lākou ʻāʻī. Pale kēia iā ia mai ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana mai e nā mea ʻino. Hoʻohana nā Bolivians i kēiaʻili e hana i nā kāmaʻa kāmaʻa.
E kū ai i ke aniau ʻino a loli hoʻi a lākou e kū nei i ko lākou pae, ua hoʻomohala nā guanacos i nā adaptation physiological e hiki ai ke pane maʻalahi i nā loli i ko lākou kaiapuni. ʻO kahi laʻana, ma ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ke kūlana o ko lākou kino, hiki i nā kānaka ke "wehe" a i ʻole "pani" i kekahi ʻano puka aniani - nā wahi o ka hulu hipa lahilahi ma ko lākou alo a me nā ʻaoʻao hope - e loli ai i ka helu o nā wahi hāmama o ka ʻili i loaʻa no ka hoʻololi wela me ka nohona kūwaho. Hāʻawi kēia i ka hōʻemi wikiwiki ʻana i ka nalo ʻana o ka wela ke hāʻule ke anuanu.
Ma hea e noho ai ka guanaco?
Kiʻi: Lama Guanaco
ʻO Guanaco kahi laha ākea me ka laulā, akā mau ka lōʻihi, mai ka ʻĀkau o Peru a i ka Navarino Island ma ka hema o Chile, mai ka Moana Pākīpika ma ke komohana ʻākau a i ka Moana ʻAkelanika ma ka hikina hikina, a mai ka ʻilikai a i 5000 mau mika ma nā mauna Andes. ... Eia naʻe, ua loli nui ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā guanacos e nā kānaka.
ʻO ke alualu mau ʻana, ka māhele ʻana o ka nohona, ka hoʻokūkū me nā holoholona holoholona, a me ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā pā i hoʻoliʻiliʻi i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā guanacos i 26% o kāna pae mua. ʻIke loa, ua hoʻopau ʻia nā lehulehu kūloko o ka ʻāina, e hana ana i kahi pae i hoʻolaha nui ʻia i nā wahi he nui.
ʻO ka hāʻawi ʻana o nā guanacos e ka ʻāina:
- Pelū. ʻO ka heluna guanaco ʻākau loa o ʻAmelika Hema. Kū i loko o ka Kalipui National Park i ka ʻoihana Libertad. Ma ka hema, hiki ka heluna kanaka i ka Salinas Aguada Blanca National Reserve ma nā keʻena ʻo Arequipa a me Moquegua;
- Bolivia. Mālama ʻia ka heluna kanaka o nā guanacos ma ka moku ʻo Chaco. I kēia mau lā, ua ʻike ʻia nā holoholona ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o ka mauna ma waena o Potosi a me Chukisaka. Ua hōʻike pū ʻia ke kū ʻana o nā guanacos ma ka hema hikina o Tarija;
- Palakuae. ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia kahi heluna relict liʻiliʻi ma ke komohana ʻākau o Chaco;
- Kili. Loaʻa ʻo Guanacos mai ke kauhale ʻo Putre ma ka palena ʻākau me Peru a hiki i ka mokupuni ʻo Navarino ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o Fueguana. ʻO ka heluna nui loa o ka guanaco ma Chile e pili ana i nā wahi Magallanes a me Aisen ma ka hema loa;
- Alekina. Noho ka hapa nui o nā guanacos i koe o ka honua. ʻOiai ʻo ka palena e uhi kokoke ana i nā Patagonia Argentina a pau, ʻoi aku ka heluna o ka poʻe guanaco i nā moku ʻākau o ka ʻāina.
Loaʻa i nā Guanacos nā ʻano nohona like ʻole. Hoʻololi ʻia i nā kūlana kau paʻakikī, hiki i nā kāmelo ke kūpale i ke aniau ʻano ʻokoʻa o ka wao akua Atacama ma Chile a me ke anuanu mau o Tierra del Fuego. Makemake nā holoholona i nā wahi maloʻo, hāmama, pale i nā pali kūpikipiki a me nā pali. ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻike ʻia nā wahi e nā makani ikaika a me ka ua haʻahaʻa.
I kēia manawa ʻike ʻoe i kahi e noho ai ka guanaco. E nānā kāua i ka mea a ka holoholona e ʻai ai.
He aha ka meaʻai a guanaco?
Kiʻi: ʻO Guanaco i ke kūlohelohe
ʻO nā Guanacos nā mea ulu lāʻau. Ma ke ʻano he poʻe kamaʻāina me nā wahi like ʻole, hiki iā lākou ke hoʻohana i nā kumuwaiwai like ʻole āpau a hōʻike i nā ʻano hānai maʻalahi e loli i kahi a me ka manawa. Loaʻa lākou ma 4 o 10 mau wahi noho o ʻAmelika Hema: nā wao nahele a me nā ululāʻau maloʻo, nā mauna a me nā kula haʻahaʻa, nāhelehele a me nā ululāʻau mahana. Ma nā kuahiwi o nā Andes, ʻelua mau lāʻau liʻiliʻi, ʻo Colletia spinosissima a me Mulinum Spinosum, ka hapa nui o ka papaʻai o ka makahiki.
Eia nō naʻe, ke lilo ʻole kā lākou mau meaʻai makemake ʻia, e ʻai ʻia nā guanacos:
- ʻulā;
- lichens;
- pua;
- kakaka;
- huaʻai.
Hoʻopili i kāu papaʻai maʻamau o nā mea kanu a me nā lāʻau liʻiliʻi me kēia huahana. ʻO ka papaʻai kūpono a me ka hana pono wai-ikehu metabolism i hiki ai iā lākou ke ola i nā ʻano koʻikoʻi, e like me nā wahi maloʻo loa. Noho kekahi poʻe ma ka Wao akua ʻo Atacama, kahi i ua ʻole ma kekahi mau wahi no nā makahiki he 50 a ʻoi.
ʻO ke kahakai kuahiwi, e holo like ana i ka wao akua, e ʻae iā lākou e ola i nā mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "foggy oases". Ma kahi e hoʻopili ai ka wai anuanu i ka ʻāina wela a hoʻomaʻalili ka ea ma luna o ka wao nahele, e hana ana i ka noe a no laila ka mahu wai. Pā ka makani Sultry i ka noe ma loko o ka wao nahele, a hopu ʻo cacti i nā kulu wai. I ka manawa like, ʻoki nā lichens e pili ana i ka cacti i kēia wai e like me ka ʻōpala. ʻAi ʻia ʻo Guanacos e nā pua lichens a me nā cactus.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: alpana alpana
He ʻōnaehana kaiaulu maʻalahi ko Guanacos, hiki ke noho ma ke ʻano a me ka neʻe ʻana paha i kā lākou lawena, e like me ka loaʻa ʻana o ka meaʻai i ka makahiki. I ka wā hānau, loaʻa lākou i ʻekolu mau hui kaiaulu: nā hui ʻohana, nā hui kāne, a me nā kāne kāne hoʻokahi. Alakaʻi ʻia nā pūʻulu ʻohana e kahi kāne makua kūwaho a piha nā helu o nā mākua wahine a me nā ʻōpio.
Hoʻokumu nā kāne makua ʻole hānau ʻole i nā hui kāne o 3 a 60 mau kānaka a me ka forage i nā ʻāpana ʻokoʻa. ʻO nā kāne makua i nā panalāʻau akā ʻaʻohe wahine wahine e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ma ke ʻano he kāne mehameha a hiki ke hana i nā kaiāulu ma kahi o 3 mau kānaka. Hoʻoholo nā kūlana kaiapuni i ka hui pūʻulu ma hope o ka wā hānau. I nā wahi me nā hoʻoilo milder a me nā meaʻai paʻa, hoʻonoho ʻia nā heluna kanaka, a hānau kāne nā kāne, pale aku i kā lākou ʻāina ʻai.
Mea hoihoi: ʻIke pinepine ʻia ʻo Guanacos ma nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, a i 4000 m ma luna o ka pae kai. I ke ola ke haʻahaʻa nā pae o ka oxygen, waiwai ko lākou koko i nā hunaola ʻulaʻula. Loaʻa i kahi teaspoon o ke koko holoholona ma kahi o 68 biliona mau ʻulaʻula koko, ʻo ia ka ʻehā mau manawa i ʻoi aku i ko nā kānaka.
Hiki i nā wahine ke haʻalele e hana i nā kaiāulu hoʻoilo o 10 a 95 mau kānaka. Ma nā wahi kahi e hoʻomaloʻo ai ka maloʻo a me ka hau i ka loaʻa o ka meaʻai, hana nā guanacos i nā pūʻā i hui ʻia a hiki i 500 a neʻe i nā wahi i pale a i ʻole nā meaʻai. Hiki i kēia neʻe ke kū i luna a i ʻole nā ʻaoʻao ʻaoʻao, kaukaʻi ʻia i ke aniau a me ka honua. Aia kekahi ʻano ākea i ka nui home o ia wahi. Ma ka hikina ʻo Patagonia, ʻo ka nui mai 4 a 9 km ², ʻoiai ma ke komohana ʻo Patagonia he ʻelua ka nui o ka nui.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Guanaco Cub
Pale aku nā kāne i nā ʻāina mahi ʻai mai ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana mai i nā kāne kāne ʻē. ʻO kēia mau panalāʻau, kahi e hāʻawi ai i ka pale mai nā mea ʻaihue a lawelawe ʻia hoʻi ma ke ʻano he kumuwaiwai kūpono no ka hana hou ʻana i nā wahine, aia ma waena o 0,07 a me 0.13 km². Kūleʻa lākou i ka makahiki a i ʻole ke kau me nā hui ʻohana.
ʻOiai ka inoa, ʻaʻole pili nā lālā o kekahi hui ʻohana. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia hui ʻohana hoʻokahi kāne kāne a me nā helu wahine a me nā ʻōpio. ʻO ka nui o nā mākua mai 5 a 13. E lilo nā kāne i panalāʻau ma waena o 4 a 6 mau makahiki. Hoʻohana ʻia nā canine hoʻonui ʻia o nā kāne i nā duela.
ʻO ka hana aggressive i nā kāne guanacos me:
- kuha (a i 2 m);
- hoʻoweliweli i nā kūlana;
- alualu a lele;
- nahu ma nā wāwae, nā wāwae hope a me ka ʻāʻī o nā mea kūʻē;
- pā ke kino;
- mokomoko ʻāʻī.
Hāpai ʻo Guanacos i hoʻokahi manawa i ke kau. Hana ʻia ka male ma nā hui ʻohana ma waena o Kēkēmapa a me Ianuali mua. Hānau ʻia nā keiki i Nowemapa a i Kekemapa paha. ʻO ka manawa hānau he 11.5 mau mahina, hānau ka wahine i hoʻokahi keiki bipi i kēlā me kēia makahiki, e kaupaona ana ma kahi o 10% o ke kaupaona makuahine. Kākaʻikahi loa nā māhoe. Ma muli o ka hoʻolōʻihi lōʻihi ʻana, hiki i nā ʻōpio ke kū i 5–76 mau minuke ma hope o ka hānau ʻana. Hoʻomaka ke keiki e hānai i kekahi mau pule ma hope o ka hānau ʻana, a ma 8 mau mahina e hānai ai lākou iā lākou iho. Hiki i nā wahine wahine ʻo Guanaco ke oʻo i ka wahine i 2 mau makahiki. ʻO nā kāne he 2-6 makahiki. I kēlā me kēia makahiki, 75% o nā wahine makua a 15 a 20% o nā kāne kāne makua.
I nā guanacos, hoʻoneʻe ʻia nā kamaliʻi o nā kāne ʻelua mai nā hui ʻohana i ka hopena o ka puna a i ke kakahiaka nui, aia lākou ma waena o 11 a 15 mau makahiki. Hele huakaʻi wale nā wahine i kēlā me kēia makahiki a i ʻole pū pū i waena o nā kāne kūlanahale mehameha. ʻOkoʻa, hiki iā lākou ke hui pū me nā hui wahine a ʻohana paha. Hoʻohui nā kāne kāne hoʻokahi makahiki i nā hui kāne, kahi e noho ai no 1 a 3 mau makahiki, e hoʻohanohano nei i ko lākou mākaukau hakakā ma o ka pāʻani hakakā.
ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o ka guanaco
Kiʻi: ʻohana Guanaco
ʻO nā predators nui o nā guanacos he cougars, kahi e noho pū me lākou i loko o kā lākou āpau āpau, me ka waiho ʻole i ka mokupuni ʻo Navarino a me nā mokupuni ʻē aʻe o Tierra del Fuego. I kekahi mau heluna kanaka, hiki i ka cougar predation a hiki i 80% o ka make keiki bipi. ʻOiai ʻo Cougars wale nō ka poʻe predator i hōʻoia ʻia no nā makahiki he nui, ua hōʻike koke nā kānaka noiʻi i ka hōʻeha ʻana i nā guanacos ʻōpio na Andes foxes, aia ma Tierra del Fuego, a me nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o ka pae guanaco.
Mea hoihoi: He kuleana nui ko nā makuahine Guanaco i ka pale ʻana i kā lākou ʻōpio mai nā mea ʻaihue. ʻO ka huhū a nā mākuahine e pili ana i nā predators hiki ke komo pū me ka hoʻoweliweli, kuha, hōʻeha a kīkē. Hoʻonui maikaʻi kēia i ka helu ola o nā guanacos ʻōpio.
No nā guanacos, ʻo ka ola pūʻulu kahi papa hana nui e kūʻē i nā predators. Ma muli o ka ʻike mua ʻana o nā kaiāulu weliweli, hiki i kēlā poʻe e noho nei i nā hui ke hoʻolōʻihi i ka manawa makaʻala a me ka manawa hou e ʻimi nei i ka meaʻai ma mua o ka poʻe e noho hoʻokahi nei. I nā guanacos, ka hopena mua i nā predators hiki ke lele. Mālama ka hiʻohiʻona i ka pilina ʻike me ka predator a hiki i ka wā kokoke a laila kani ke kani e hoʻōla i ke koena o ka hui a pakele.
Kūpono kēia hoʻolālā i nā cougars i alualu ʻole i kā lākou mea pio ma kahi mamao. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka hoʻokokoke ʻana aku o nā mea ʻino liʻiliʻi e like me nā ʻalopeke Andes. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia kahi hihia i ka wā i komo ai nā guanacos makua i pale pale kūʻē i ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana a kahi alopeke. Ua kihi lākou iā ia, keʻehi iā ia, a ua hoʻokuke iā ia, no laila e pale ana i ka guanaco ʻōpio mai ka alualu ʻana.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka guanaco
Ma muli o ka palahalaha o nā guanacos maʻAmelika Hema, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia lākou i loko o ka Red Book ma ke ʻano he lāhui ʻaneʻane make. Eia nō naʻe, pono ka mālama pono ʻana i nā lehulehu kūloko e pale i ka hōʻole ʻana i nā helu. Heʻoiaʻiʻo maoli nō kēia i ka mālamalama o ka ulu nui o ka noi no ka hopu ʻana a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i hana ʻia ma luna o kekahi guanacos hihiu, i hiki ke loaʻa nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole no ka nui o nā lehulehu e pili ana.
Mea hoihoi: Makemake nui ʻia ʻo Guanacos no ko lākou palupalu a mehana i ka pā ʻana. Aia ia ma ka lua o ka wahi ma hope o ka lole vicuna. ʻO nā hides, keu hoʻi nā keiki hipa o kēia laha, i kekahi manawa ma kahi o nā ʻalopeke ʻaoʻao ʻulaʻula no ka mea paʻakikī lākou e ʻike i ke ʻano. E like me nā llamas, he kapa pālua ko nā guanacos me ka lauoho lauoho ākea a me ka undercoat pahee.
Heluna kanaka guanaco ma lalo hoʻi o ka hoʻoweliweli o ka lawe ʻia ʻana o nā maʻi mai nā holoholona, ka ʻimi holoholona nui ʻana, keu hoʻi i nā ʻili o nā gulengos liʻiliʻi. Hoʻopili ʻia ko lākou ola e ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻāina ma muli o ka mahiʻai nui a me ka nui ʻana o nā hipa. Hoʻopilikia nā pā i kūkulu ʻia e nā mea hānai i nā ala neʻe a ka guanaco a pepehi i kā lākou ʻōpio, i paʻa i nā kaula. Ma muli o ka hopena o ke kanaka, nā guanacos i kēia lā e noho ma lalo o 40% o kā lākou pae mua, a ʻo nā heluna e noho nei he liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi a ʻāpana loa. Hoʻoponopono nā aupuni o Argentina, Bolivia, Chile a me Peru i ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā guanacos hihiu i loko o kā lākou mau palena, akā ʻaʻole mālama maikaʻi ʻia ke kānāwai a ʻaʻole pale ʻia ka hapa nui o nā guanaco.
Lā paʻi: 08/12/2019
Lā hou: 08/14/2019 ma 22:10
